Spectral, structural and theoretical studies of α‒methyl trans cinnamaldehyde semicarbazone

TD-DFT calculations, dipole moments, and solvatochromic properties of 2-aminochromone-3-carboxaldehyde and its hydrazone derivatives

2-Aminochromone-3-carboxaldehyde (ACC) and its hydrazones (ACMHCA and ACMNPHTCA) with semicarbazide hydrochloride and N-phenylthiosemicarbazide were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The solvatochromic behavior of the title compounds in various solvents showed distinct bathochromic shifts on going from nonpolar to polar solvents, suggesting intramolecular-charge-transfer (ICT) solute-solvent interactions. The ground and excited state dipole moments of ACC, ACMHCA, and ACMNPHTCA were determined experimentally by the solvatochromic shift method using the Bilot-Kawski, Lippert-Mataga, Bakhshiev, Kawski-Chamma-Viallet functions, and a microscopic Reichardt's solvent polarity parameter (ENT). All the investigated molecules showed a substantial increase in the dipole moment upon excitation to the emitting state. The experimental results were generally consistent with the values obtained by the TD-DFT, B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p) method. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) mapping and natural charge and natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis were performed and the results were discussed. The 1H NMR chemical shifts of the prepared compounds were simulated by the gage independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method and compared with their experimental chemical shift values. The biological activity data were correlated with the frontier molecular orbitals. The photovoltaic behavior of the title compounds showed there was sufficient electron injection.

In vitro and in vivo activity of cinnamaldehyde against Eimeria kofoidi in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)

One hundred and twenty one-day-old chukar partridges were randomly divided into eight groups which received diets with different supplementations. There were four unchallenged groups. One group received salinomycin (50 ppm), two groups received cinnamaldehyde (CINN) (100 and 200 mg/kg of diet), and another one received only the basal diet from the 1st to the 31st day. There were also four corresponding groups orally challenged by 3 × 10⁵Eimeria kofoidi sporulated oocysts at the 21st day. Three samplings were done at the 24th, 26th, and 31st days of rearing for pathological and biochemical assessments. Fecal samples were daily taken to check the pattern of oocyst shedding from the 26th to 31st day. The body weight of birds was measured at 21st and 31st days. Along with the in vivo experiment, an in vitro sporulation inhibition test was carried out. The in vitro results showed that CINN decreased sporulation rate at 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. In vivo, it was found that CINN did not prevent the oocyst shedding. Furthermore, the histopathological findings revealed that CINN and salinomycin had no effect on infection establishment. However, our findings showed that CINN (200 mg/kg of diet) could enhance the body weight and improve antioxidant status. Although our results did not support the in vivo anticoccidial activity of CINN, it had a promising potential to improve antioxidant status and body weight in the chukar partridge.