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Sahu NK, Sharma R, Suhas KP, Joshi J, Prakash K, Sharma R, Pratap R, Hu X, Kaur S, Jain M, Coluccini C, Coghi P, Chaudhary S. Natural-Product-Inspired Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel Spirooxindoles as Antileishmanial Agents: Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, Bioevaluation, SAR, and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:4817. [PMID: 37375374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, and there is an emerging need for the development of effective drugs to treat it. To identify novel compounds with antileishmanial properties, a novel series of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2-one/spiro[indoline-3,3'-pyrrolizin]-2-one 23a-f, 24a-f, and 25a-g were prepared from natural-product-inspired pharmaceutically privileged bioactive sub-structures, i.e., isatins 20a-h, various substituted chalcones 21a-f, and 22a-c amino acids, via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions in MeOH at 80 °C using a microwave-assisted approach. Compared to traditional methods, microwave-assisted synthesis produces higher yields and better quality, and it takes less time. We report here the in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani and SAR studies. The analogues 24a, 24e, 24f, and 25d were found to be the most active compounds of the series and showed IC50 values of 2.43 µM, 0.96 µM, 1.62 µM, and 3.55 µM, respectively, compared to the standard reference drug Amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.060 µM). All compounds were assessed for Leishmania DNA topoisomerase type IB inhibition activity using the standard drug Camptothecin, and 24a, 24e, 24f, and 25d showed potential results. In order to further validate the experimental results and gain a deeper understanding of the binding manner of such compounds, molecular docking studies were also performed. The stereochemistry of the novel functionalized spirooxindole derivatives was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Kishore Sahu
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Bharatpur 321303, India
| | - Ritu Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Kshirsagar Prasad Suhas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kunal Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Ramendra Pratap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Xiwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Carmine Coluccini
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow 226002, India
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Barakat A, Mostafa A, Ali M, Al-Majid AM, Domingo LR, Kutkat O, Moatasim Y, Zia K, Ul-Haq Z, Elshaier YAMM. Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Spirooxindole-Based Phenylsulfonyl Moiety as a Candidate Anti-SAR-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV-2 with the Implementation of Combination Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911861. [PMID: 36233160 PMCID: PMC9569468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for an effective anti-viral to inhibit COVID-19 is a challenge for the specialized scientific research community. This work investigated the anti-coronavirus activity for spirooxindole-based phenylsulfone cycloadducts in a single and combination protocols. The newly designed anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics spirooxindoles synthesized by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions represent an efficient approach. One-pot multicomponent reactions between phenyl vinyl sulfone, substituted isatins, and amines afforded highly stereoselective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics spirooxindoles with three stereogenic centers. Herein, the newly synthesized spirooxindoles were assessed individually against the highly pathogenic human coronaviruses and proved to be highly potent and safer. Interestingly, the synergistic effect by combining the potent, tested spirooxindoles resulted in an improved antiviral activity as well as better host-cell safety. Compounds 4i and 4d represented the most potent activity against MERS-CoV with IC50 values of 11 and 23 µM, respectively. Both compounds 4c and 4e showed equipotent activity with the best IC50 against SARS-CoV-2 with values of 17 and 18 µM, respectively, then compounds 4d and 4k with IC50 values of 24 and 27 µM, respectively. Then, our attention oriented to perform a combination protocol as anti-SARS-CoV-2 for the best compounds with a different binding mode and accompanied with different pharmacophores. Combination of compound 4k with 4c and combination of compounds 4k with 4i proved to be more active and safer. Compounds 4k with 4i displayed IC50 = 3.275 µM and half maximal cytotoxic-concentration CC50 = 11832 µM. MD simulation of the most potential compounds as well as in silico ADMET properties were investigated. This study highlights the potential drug-like properties of spirooxindoles as a cocktail anti-coronavirus protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.A.M.M.E.); Tel.: +966-11467-5901 (A.B.); Fax: +966-11467-5992 (A.B.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Komal Zia
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yaseen A. M. M. Elshaier
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.A.M.M.E.); Tel.: +966-11467-5901 (A.B.); Fax: +966-11467-5992 (A.B.)
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Islam MS, Haukka M, Soliman SM, Al-Majid AM, Rahman AM, Bari A, Barakat A. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of spiro-heterocycles bearing the pyrazole scaffold via [3+2] cycloaddition reaction. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Barakat A, Haukka M, Soliman SM, Ali M, Al-Majid AM, El-Faham A, Domingo LR. Straightforward Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Intermolecular Interactions and Mechanistic Study of Spirooxindole-Engrafted Rhodanine Analogs. Molecules 2021; 26:7276. [PMID: 34885853 PMCID: PMC8658983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Straightforward regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of bi-spirooxindole-engrafted rhodanine analogs 5a-d were achieved by one-pot multicomponent [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of stabilized azomethine ylide (AYs 3a-d) generated in situ by condensation of L-thioproline and 6-chloro-isatin with (E)-2-(5-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(2-morpholinoethyl)acetamide. The bi-spirooxindole-engrafted rhodanine analogs were constructed with excellent diastereo- and regioselectivity along with high chemical yield. X-ray crystallographic investigations for hybrid 5a revealed the presence of four contiguous stereocenters related to C11, C12, C19 and C22 of the spiro structure. Hirshfeld calculations indicated the presence of many short intermolecular contacts such as Cl...C, S...S, S...H, O...H, N...H, H...C, C...C and H...H interactions. These contacts played a very important role in the crystal stability. The polar nature of the 32CA reaction was studied by analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices. Theoretical study of this 32CA reaction indicated that it takes place through a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism associated with the nucleophilic attack of AY 3a to the electrophilic ethylene derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.A.-M.)
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Saied M. Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (A.E.-F.)
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.A.-M.)
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.A.-M.)
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (A.E.-F.)
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
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Al-Majid AM, Ali M, Islam MS, Alshahrani S, Alamary AS, Yousuf S, Choudhary MI, Barakat A. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Di-Spirooxindole Analogs Based Oxindole and Cyclohexanone Moieties as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:6305. [PMID: 34684885 PMCID: PMC8541513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of di-spirooxindole analogs, engrafted with oxindole and cyclohexanone moieties, were synthesized. Initially, azomethine ylides were generated via reaction of the substituted isatins 3a-f (isatin, 3a, 6-chloroisatin, 3b, 5-fluoroisatin, 3c, 5-nitroisatin, 3d, 5-methoxyisatin, 3e, and 5-methylisatin, 3f, and (2S)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid 2, in situ azomethine ylides reacted with the cyclohexanone based-chalcone 1a-f to afford the target di-spirooxindole compounds 4a-n. This one-pot method provided diverse structurally complex molecules, with biologically relevant spirocycles in a good yields. All synthesized di-spirooxindole analogs, engrafted with oxindole and cyclohexanone moieties, were evaluated for their anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines, including prostate PC3, cervical HeLa, and breast (MCF-7, and MDA-MB231) cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity of these di-spirooxindole analogs was also examined against human fibroblast BJ cell lines, and they appeared to be non-cytotoxic. Compound 4b was identified as the most active member of this series against prostate cancer cell line PC3 (IC50 = 3.7 ± 1.0 µM). The cyclohexanone engrafted di-spirooxindole analogs 4a and 4l (IC50 = 7.1 ± 0.2, and 7.2 ± 0.5 µM, respectively) were active against HeLa cancer cells, whereas NO2 substituted isatin ring and meta-fluoro-substituted (2E,6E)-2,6-dibenzylidenecyclohexanone containing 4i (IC50 = 7.63 ± 0.08 µM) appeared to be a promising agent against the triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB231 cell line. To explore the plausible mechanism of anticancer activity of di-spirooxindole analogs, molecular docking studies were investigated which suggested that spirooxindole analogs potentially inhibit the activity of MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-M.); (M.A.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-M.); (M.A.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mohammad Shahidul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-M.); (M.A.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-M.); (M.A.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdullah Saleh Alamary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-M.); (M.A.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.Y.); (M.I.C.)
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.Y.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-M.); (M.A.); (M.S.I.); (S.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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Synthesis and anticancer activity of new spirooxindoles incorporating[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine moiety. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shah VR, Bhaliya JD, Patel GM. In silico approach: docking study of oxindole derivatives against the main protease of COVID-19 and its comparison with existing therapeutic agents. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:197-214. [PMID: 33594850 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Presently, the pandemic of COVID-19 has worsened the situation worldwide and received global attention. The United States of America have the highest numbers of a patient infected by this disease followed by Brazil, Russia, India and many other countries. Moreover, lots of research is going on to find out effective vaccines or medicine, but still, no potent vaccine or drug is discovered to cure COVID-19. As a consequence, many types of research have designated that computer-based studies, such as protein-ligand interactions, structural dynamics, and chembio modeling are the finest choice due to its low cost and time-saving features. Here, oxindole derivatives have been chosen for docking because of their immense pharmacological applications like antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and so on. Molecular docking of 30 oxindole derivatives done on the crystallized structure of the protein (COVID-19 Mpro). METHODS The process of docking, interaction, and binding the structure of ligand with protein has executed using Molegro Virtual Docker v.7.0.0 (MVD) and visualized the usage by Molegro Molecular Viewer v.7.0.0 (MMV). RESULTS Among the 30 derivatives, the outcomes depicted better steric interaction and hydrogen bonding amongst OD-22 ligand, OD-16 ligand, OD-4 ligand, and OD-9 ligand (oxindole derivatives) with COVID-19. In addition to this, the comparative study of these four compounds with existing drugs that are under clinical trials shows comparatively good results in terms of its MolDock scores, H-bonding and steric interactions. CONCLUSIONS Hence, It is proposed that these four oxindole derivatives have good potential as a new drug against coronavirus as possible therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vraj R Shah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, ITM SLS Baroda University, Vadodara, India
| | - Jaydip D Bhaliya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, ITM SLS Baroda University, Vadodara, India
| | - Gautam M Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, ITM SLS Baroda University, Vadodara, India
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Bora D, Kaushal A, Shankaraiah N. Anticancer potential of spirocompounds in medicinal chemistry: A pentennial expedition. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113263. [PMID: 33601313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spirocompounds constitute an important class of organic frameworks enveloping numerous pharmacological activities, among them, the promising anticancer potential of spirocompounds have enthused medicinal chemists to explore new spiro derivatives with significantly improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile along with their mechanism of action. The current review intends to provide a sketch of the anticancer activity of various spirocompounds like spirooxindole, spiroisoxazole, spiroindole etc, from the past five years unfolding various aspects of pharmacological activities and their structure-activity relationships (SARs). This literature analysis may provide future direction for the efficient design of novel spiromolecules with enhanced safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Bora
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Anjali Kaushal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.
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Al-Majid AM, Ghawas HM, Islam MS, Soliman SM, El-Senduny FF, Badria FA, Ali M, Shaik MR, Ghabbour HA, Barakat A. Synthesis of spiroindolone analogue via three components reaction of olefin with isatin and sarcosine: Anti-proliferative activity and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhou LM, Qu RY, Yang GF. An overview of spirooxindole as a promising scaffold for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:603-625. [PMID: 32106717 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1733526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Spirooxindole, a unique and versatile scaffold, has been widely studied in some fields such as pharmaceutical chemistry and synthetic chemistry. Especially in the application of medicine, quite a few compounds featuring spirooxindole motif have displayed excellent and broad pharmacological activities. Many identified candidate molecules have been used in clinical trials, showing promising prospects.Areas covered: This article offers an overview of different applications and developments of spirooxindoles (including the related natural products and their derivatives) in the process of drug innovation, including such as in anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antimalarial, and antiviral activities. Furthermore, the crucial structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetic properties, and main synthetic methods of spirooxindoles-based derivatives are also reviewed.Expert opinion: Recent progress in the biological activity profiles of spirooxindole derivatives have demonstrated their significant position in present-day drug discovery. Furthermore, we believe that the multidirectional development of novel drugs containing this core scaffold will continue to be the research hotspot in medicinal chemistry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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