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Henary E, Casa S, Dost TL, Sloop JC, Henary M. The Role of Small Molecules Containing Fluorine Atoms in Medicine and Imaging Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:281. [PMID: 38543068 PMCID: PMC10975950 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The fluorine atom possesses many intrinsic properties that can be beneficial when incorporated into small molecules. These properties include the atom's size, electronegativity, and ability to block metabolic oxidation sites. Substituents that feature fluorine and fluorine-containing groups are currently prevalent in drugs that lower cholesterol, relieve asthma, and treat anxiety disorders, as well as improve the chemical properties of various medications and imaging agents. The dye scaffolds (fluorescein/rhodamine, coumarin, BODIPY, carbocyanine, and squaraine dyes) reported will address the incorporation of the fluorine atom in the scaffold and the contribution it provides to its application as an imaging agent. It is also important to recognize radiolabeled fluorine atoms used for PET imaging in the early detection of diseases. This review will discuss the many benefits of incorporating fluorine atoms into small molecules and give examples of fluorinated molecules used in the pharmaceutical industry and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Henary
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA; (E.H.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Stefanie Casa
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.C.); (T.L.D.)
| | - Tyler L. Dost
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.C.); (T.L.D.)
| | - Joseph C. Sloop
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA; (E.H.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.C.); (T.L.D.)
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Iftikhar R, Khan FZ, Naeem N. Recent synthetic strategies of small heterocyclic organic molecules with optoelectronic applications: a review. Mol Divers 2024; 28:271-307. [PMID: 36609738 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there have been tremendous developments in the design and synthesis of organic optoelectronic materials with appealing applications in device fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes, superconductors, organic lasers, organic field-effect transistors, clean energy-producing organic solar cells, etc. There is an increasing demand for the synthesis of green, highly efficient organic optoelectronic materials to cope with the issue of efficiency roll-off in organic semiconductor-based devices. This review systematically summarized the recent progress in the design and synthesis of small organic molecules having promising optoelectronic properties for their potential applications in optoelectronic devices during the last 10-year range (2010-early 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Iftikhar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2055, Australia.
| | - Faiza Zahid Khan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Naila Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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Sharma SJ, Sekar N. A promising small-sized near-infrared absorbing zwitterionic dye for DSSC and NLO applications: DFT and TD-DFT approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30023-30039. [PMID: 37905435 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03858k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein we investigate three quinoid zwitterionic dye sensitizers having donor-donor (4-dimethylaniline; ZIDM), donor-acceptor (4-dimethylaniline and 4-benzoic acid; ZIMCA), and acceptor-acceptor (4-benzoic acid; ZIDCA) that can be used in dye sensitized-solar cells and non-linear optical (NLO) application through density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent-DFT computations. ZIDM showed better charge transfer than ZIMCA and ZIDCA, which showed similar trends in chemical potential, electrophilicity index, hardness, and hyperhardness. The higher values of open circuit voltage, light harvesting efficiency, lower binding, and adsorption energy values for the dye to bind with the TiO2 cluster were observed for ZIDM. The results suggest that these dyes can easily hold with the TiO2 cluster through the monodentate binding mode possible between Ti and oxygen of the zwitterionic backbone. The examination of the linear and NLO properties of these dyes revealed that ZIDM has a higher α0 = 80.64 × 10-24 esu, β0 = 448.54 × 10-30 esu, and γ = 2219.23 × 10-36 esu in DCM. Similarly, higher values of molecular hyperpolarizability of 1335.0 × 10-48 esu and 8818.3 × 10-48 esu were observed in gas and DCM for ZIDM than ZIMCA and ZIDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryapratap J Sharma
- Dyestuff Technology Department (Currently named as Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology), Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Dyestuff Technology Department (Currently named as Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology), Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
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Bouzzine SM, Abdelaaziz A, Hamidi M, Al-Zahrani FAM, Zayed MEM, El-Shishtawy RM. The Impact of TPA Auxiliary Donor and the π-Linkers on the Performance of Newly Designed Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Computational Investigation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1611. [PMID: 36837251 PMCID: PMC9965092 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the newly designed dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) containing triphenylamine, diphenylamine (TPA), phenothiazine, and phenoxazine as donors and triazine, phenyl with D1-D2-π-linker-π-(A)2 architecture has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD-DFT) methods. These methods were used to investigate the geometrical structures, electronic properties, absorption, photovoltaic properties, and chemical reactivity. Furthermore, the calculated results indicate that different architectures can modify the energy levels of HOMO and LUMO and reduce the energy gap. The absorption undergoes a redshift displacement. This work aims at calculating the structural geometries and the electronic and optical properties of the designed dyes. Furthermore, the dye adsorption characteristics, such as the optoelectronic properties and the adsorption energies in the TiO2 clusters, were calculated with counterpoise correction and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Mohamed Bouzzine
- Regional Center for Education and Training Professional, B.P. 8 Errachidia, Morocco
- Equipe de Chimie-Physique, Electrochimie et Environnement, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Environnement et Matériaux, Université Moulay Ismaïl, B.P. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Alioui Abdelaaziz
- Equipe de Chimie-Physique, Electrochimie et Environnement, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Environnement et Matériaux, Université Moulay Ismaïl, B.P. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hamidi
- Equipe de Chimie-Physique, Electrochimie et Environnement, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Environnement et Matériaux, Université Moulay Ismaïl, B.P. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Fatimah A. M. Al-Zahrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohie E. M. Zayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M. El-Shishtawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Irfan A, Kalam A, Al-Sehemi AG, Dubey M. Investigation of the Effect of Substituents on Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Benzothiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:8672. [PMID: 36557807 PMCID: PMC9781107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new benzothiazole-derived donor-acceptor-based compounds (Comp1-4) were synthesized and characterized with the objective of tuning their multifunctional properties, i.e., charge transport, electronic, and optical. All the proposed structural formulations (Comp1-4) were commensurate using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-mass, UV-vis, and elemental analysis techniques. The effects of the electron-donating group (-CH3) and electron-withdrawing group (-NO2) on the optoelectronic and charge transfer properties were studied. The substituent effect on absorption was calculated at the TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level in the gas and solvent phases. The effect of solvent polarity on the absorption spectra using various polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., ethanol, acetone, DMF, and DMSO was investigated. Light was shed on the charge transport in benzothiazole compounds by calculating electron affinity, ionization potential, and reorganization energies. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were used to prepare thin films on the FTO substrate to evaluate the charge carrier mobility and other related device parameters with the help of I-V characteristic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrigendra Dubey
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Discipline of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
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Bifari EN, El-Shishtawy RM, Bouzzine SM, Fadili D, Hamidi M. Synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical and computational investigation of dimethine and trimethine cyanine-based dyes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Al Sharif OF, Nhari LM, El-Shishtawy RM, Zayed MEM, Asiri AM. AIE and reversible mechanofluorochromism characteristics of new imidazole-based donor-π-acceptor dyes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19270-19283. [PMID: 35865558 PMCID: PMC9248369 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new imidazole-based donor-π-acceptor 2a-2d dyes have been synthesized, and their solvatochromism, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and mechanofluorochromic (MFC) properties were investigated. The new dyes 2a-2d were designed to have 1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole as an electron donor (D) and 1-indanone, 1,3-indandione, 2-phenylacetonitrile and 2-thiopheneacetonitrile as electron acceptors (A) linked through a phenyl bridge. The maximum absorption wavelength of 2a-2d dyes in DCM solution appeared at 376, 437, 368, and 375 nm, respectively. The dyes exhibit a high molar extinction coefficient (ε) and large Stokes shift, making them useful in optoelectronic applications. Solvatochromic properties of dyes 2a-2d have been studied and showed bathochromic changes in emission wavelengths, from 449 to 550 nm for 2a, 476 to 599 nm for 2b, 438 to 520 nm for 2c, and from 439 to 529 nm for 2d, as the solvent polarity increased from n-hexane to acetonitrile. Moreover, in dioxane/water mixture systems, AIE behaviors were observed, and the emission intensity of 2b-2d dyes increased by around 5, 3, and 3 times in the mixed solvent (dioxane : water = 10 : 90) in contrast to pure dioxane. In addition, the XRD data of the 2a-2d dyes in pristine, ground, and fumed states illustrate that the transition between the ordered crystalline and disordered amorphous phases is the primary cause of MFC behaviors mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) showed that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of dyes is distributed on the donor unit. In contrast, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is mainly placed on the acceptor unit to reveal that the HOMO-LUMO transition has a great ICT character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud F Al Sharif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila M Nhari
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M El-Shishtawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohie E M Zayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Shainyan BA, Zhilitskaya LV, Yarosh NO. Synthetic Approaches to Biologically Active C-2-Substituted Benzothiazoles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082598. [PMID: 35458794 PMCID: PMC9027766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous benzothiazole derivatives are used in organic synthesis, in various industrial and consumer products, and in drugs, with a wide spectrum of biological activity. As the properties of the benzothiazole moiety are strongly affected by the nature and position of substitutions, in this review, covering the literature from 2016, we focus on C-2-substituted benzothiazoles, including the methods of their synthesis, structural modification, reaction mechanisms, and possible pharmacological activity. The synthetic approaches to these heterocycles include both traditional multistep reactions and one-pot atom economy processes using green chemistry principles and easily available reagents. Special attention is paid to the methods of the thiazole ring closure and chemical modification by the introduction of pharmacophore groups.
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Alfaifi SY, Khan SA. Multi-Step Synthesis, Photophysical and Physicochemical Properties of Novel Push- π -Pull AADC Chromophores. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2026985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Y. Alfaifi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A. Khan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Physical Sciences Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Bifari EN, El-Shishtawy RM. Efficient Synthesis of Formyl Boronate Esters Derived from Carbazole and Phenoxazine as Key Electron Donors. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1996410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham N. Bifari
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M. El-Shishtawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Gao F, Yang CL, Jiang G. Effects of the coupling between electrode and GQD-anthoxanthin nanocomposites for dye-sensitized solar cell: DFT and TD-DFT investigations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Al-horaibi SA, Alrabie AA, Alghamdi MT, Al-Ostoot FH, Garoon EM, Rajbhoj AS. Novel hemicyanine sensitizers based on benzothiazole-indole for dye-sensitized solar cells: Synthesis, optoelectrical characterization and efficiency of solar cell. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Al-horaibi SA, Garoon EM, Bhise NA, Gaikwad ST, Rajbhoj AS. The effect of bis-carboxylic groups of squarylium dyes on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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