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Aboshouk DR, Youssef MA, Bekheit MS, Hamed AR, Girgis AS. Antineoplastic indole-containing compounds with potential VEGFR inhibitory properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5690-5728. [PMID: 38362086 PMCID: PMC10866129 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide. Various techniques, tools and therapeutics/materials have been developed in the last few decades for the treatment of cancer, together with great interest, funding and efforts from the scientific society. However, all the reported studies and efforts seem insufficient to combat the various types of cancer, especially the advanced ones. The overexpression of tyrosine kinases is associated with cancer proliferation and/or metastasis. VEGF, an important category of tyrosine kinases, and its receptors (VEGFR) are hyper-activated in different cancers. Accordingly, they are known as important factors in the angiogenesis of different tumors and are considered in the development of effective therapeutic approaches for controlling many types of cancer. In this case, targeted therapeutic approaches are preferable to the traditional non-selective approaches to minimize the side effects and drawbacks associated with treatment. Several indole-containing compounds have been identified as effective agents against VEGFR. Herein, we present a summary of the recent indolyl analogs reported within the last decade (2012-2023) with potential antineoplastic and VEGFR inhibitory properties. The most important drugs, natural products, synthesized potent compounds and promising hits/leads are highlighted. Indoles functionalized and conjugated with various heterocycles beside spiroindoles are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia R Aboshouk
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - M Adel Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University Helwan Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
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Helal MH, Owda ME, Mogharbel AT, Hamzah Alessa A, Omer N, Abdelaziz MA, Ibrahim I, Eliwa EM. C 3-Spirooxindoles: Divergent chemical synthesis and bioactivities (2018-2023). Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107091. [PMID: 38183683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This scientific review documents the recent progress of C3-spirooxindoles chemistry (synthesis and reaction mechanism) and their bioactivities, focusing on the promising results as well as highlighting the biological mechanism via the reported molecular docking findings of the most bioactive derivatives. C3-Spirooxindoles are attractive bioactive agents and have been found in a variety of natural compounds, including alkaloids. They are widely investigated in the field of medicinal chemistry and play a key role in medication development, such as antivirals, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, etc. Regarding organic synthesis, several traditional and advanced strategies have been reported, particularly those that started with isatin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, 91911, PO 840, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat E Owda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal T Mogharbel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hamzah Alessa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Omer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Essam M Eliwa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177-LCSOM, CNRS, Strasbourg University, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Subbiah U, Ajith A, Venkata Subbiah H. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of Orthosiphon stamineus against SGLT1 and SGLT2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13663-13678. [PMID: 36995112 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth a traditional medicine used in the treatment of diabetes and kidney diseases. Sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT1 and SGLT2) inhibitors are the novel group of drugs used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study 20 phytochemical compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth were obtained from 3 databases viz Dr.Duke's phytochemical, Ethno botanical database and IMPPAT. They were subjected to physiochemical, drug likeliness, and ADMET and toxicity predictions. Homology modeling and molecular docking against SGLT1 and SGLT2 were performed and the stability of the selected drug molecule was validated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation for 200 ns. Among the 20 compounds, 14-Dexo-14-O-acetylorthosiphol Y alone showed higher binding affinity with SGLT1 and SGLT2 protein with the binding energy of -9.6 and -11.4 Kcal/mol respectively and had highest affinity towards SGLT2 inhibitor. This compound also satisfied Lipinski rule of 5 and had a good ADMET profile. The compound is non-toxic to marine organisms and to normal cell lines and non-mutagenic. The RMSD value attained equilibrium at 150 ns with the stability around 4.8 Å and no significant deviation was reported from 160 to 200 ns for SGLT2. Our study suggests that 14-Dexo-14-O-acetylorthosiphol Y showed promising results against the SGLT2 and could be considered as a potent anti-diabetic drug.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Subbiah
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athira Ajith
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harini Venkata Subbiah
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Panda SS, Girgis AS, Aziz MN, Bekheit MS. Spirooxindole: A Versatile Biologically Active Heterocyclic Scaffold. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020618. [PMID: 36677676 PMCID: PMC9861573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirooxindoles occupy an important place in heterocyclic chemistry. Many natural spirooxindole-containing compounds have been identified as bio-promising agents. Synthetic analogs have also been synthesized utilizing different pathways. The present article summarizes the recent development of both natural and synthetic spirooxindole-containing compounds prepared from isatin or its derivatives reported in the last five years. The spirooxindoles are categorized based on their mentioned biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marian N. Aziz
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Synthesis, antibacterial evaluation, and in silico investigations of novel 3-amino-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline derivatives. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ganesh M, Suraj S. Expeditious entry into carbocyclic and heterocyclic spirooxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5651-5693. [PMID: 35792116 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00767c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spirocyclic frameworks have attracted synthetic practitioners due to their unique three-dimensional assembly, improved metabolic stability, solubility, and increased molecular complexity with regard to planar architectures. A recent surge in the number of spirocyclic oxindoles inhibiting enzymes, moderating unique protein-protein interactions, modulating receptors and transporters is testament to their prevalence. Against this background, the construction of spirocyclic frameworks containing an oxindole moiety as a torsional switch via stereoselective methods is in great demand. Herein we present a summary of the past three years in the progress of metal, organic molecule, nanostructured particle mediated, and even uncatalyzed versions of the highly diastereo- and enantioselective pathways leading to oxindole spirocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ganesh
- Sudhanva Technologies Private Limited, No. 7, Weavers Colony, Basavanapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560083, India.
| | - Shammy Suraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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A Mini Review on Isatin, an Anticancer Scaffold with Potential Activities against Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050536. [PMID: 35631362 PMCID: PMC9146800 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Isatin, chemically an indole-1H-2,3-dione, is recognised as one of the most attractive therapeutic fragments in drug design and development. The template has turned out to be exceptionally useful for developing new anticancer scaffolds, as evidenced by the increasing number of isatin-based molecules which are either in clinical use or in trials. Apart from its promising antiproliferative properties, isatin has shown potential in treating Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) not only as a parent core, but also by attenuating the activities of various pharmacophores. The objective of this mini-review is to keep readers up to date on the latest developments in the biological potential of isatin-based scaffolds, targeting cancer and NTDs such as tuberculosis, malaria, and microbial infections.
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Kumar R, Takkar P. Repositioning of Isatin hybrids as novel anti-tubercular agents overcoming pre-existing antibiotics resistance. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Environmentally Friendly Fluoroquinolone Derivatives with Lower Plasma Protein Binding Rate Designed Using 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186626. [PMID: 32932916 PMCID: PMC7560044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) was used to establish a three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model with structural parameters of quinolones as the independent variables and plasma protein binding rate (logfb) as the dependent variable to predict the logfb values of remaining quinolones in this study. In addition, the mono-substituted and bis-substituted reaction schemes that significantly influenced the plasma protein binding rate of quinolones were determined through an analysis of the 3D-QSAR contour maps. It was found that the replacement of small groups, hydrophobic groups, electronegative groups, or hydrogen bond acceptor groups at the substitution sites significantly reduce the logfb values of quinolone derivatives. Furthermore, the mechanism of decrease in binding rate between trovafloxacin (TRO) derivatives and plasma protein was revealed qualitatively and quantitatively based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. After modification of the target molecule, 11 TRO derivatives with low plasma protein binding rates were screened (reduced by 0.50–24.18%). Compared with the target molecule, the molecular genotoxicity and photodegradability of the TRO derivatives was higher (genotoxicity increased by 4.89–21.36%, and photodegradability increased by 9.04–20.56%), and their bioconcentration was significantly lower (by 36.90–61.41%).
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