Quantum chemical studies of molecular structure, vibrational spectra and nonlinear optical properties of p-iodoaniline and p-bromoaniline

Heterocycloalkynes Fused to a Heterocyclic Core: Searching for an Island with Optimal Stability-Reactivity Balance

In the search for fundamentally new, active, stable, and readily synthetically accessible cycloalkynes as strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reagents for bioorthogonal bioconjugation, we integrated two common approaches: the reagent destabilization by the increase of a ring strain and the transition state stabilization through electronic effects. As a result new SPAAC reagents, heterocyclononynes fused to a heterocyclic core, were created. These compounds can be obtained through a general synthetic route based on four crucial steps: the electrophile-promoted cyclization, Sonogashira coupling, Nicholas reaction, and final deprotection of Co-complexes of cycloalkynes from cobalt. Varying the natures of the heterocycle and heteroatom allows for reaching the optimal stability-reactivity balance for new strained systems. Computational and experimental studies revealed similar SPAAC reactivities for stable 9-membered isocoumarin- and benzothiophene-fused heterocycloalkynes and their unstable 8-membered homologues. We discovered that close reactivity is a result of the interplay of two electronic effects, which stabilize SPAAC transition states (πin* → σ* and π* → πin*) with structural effects such as conformational changes from eclipsed to staggered conformations in the cycloalkyne scaffold, that noticeably impact alkyne bending and reactivity. The concerted influence of a heterocycle and a heteroatom on the polarization of a triple bond in highly strained cycles along with a low HOMO-LUMO gap was assumed to be the reason for the unpredictable kinetic instability of all the cyclooctynes and the benzothiophene-fused oxacyclononyne. The applicability of stable isocoumarin-fused azacyclononyne IC9N-BDP-FL for in vitro bioconjugation was exemplified by labeling and visualization of HEK293 cells carrying azido-DNA and azido-glycans.