Synthesis, structure analysis, biological activity and molecular docking studies of some hydrazones derived from 4-aminobenzohydrazide

Recent Advances in Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Discovery Based on Hydrazide-Hydrazone and Thiadiazole Derivatives Targeting InhA

Tuberculosis is an extremely serious problem of global public health. Its incidence is worsened by the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More serious forms of drug resistance have been observed in recent years. Therefore, the discovery and/or synthesis of new potent and less toxic anti-tubercular compounds is very critical, especially having in mind the consequences and the delays in treatment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acid, a major component of the M. tuberculosis cell wall. At the same time, it is a key enzyme in the development of drug resistance, making it an important target for the discovery of new antimycobacterial agents. Many different chemical scaffolds, including hydrazide hydrazones and thiadiazoles, have been evaluated for their InhA inhibitory activity. The aim of this review is to evaluate recently described hydrazide-hydrazone- and thiadiazole-containing derivatives that inhibit InhA activity, resulting in antimycobacterial effects. In addition, a brief review of the mechanisms of action of currently available anti-tuberculosis drugs is provided, including recently approved agents and molecules in clinical trials.

Design and synthesis of novel ureido and thioureido conjugated hydrazone derivatives with potent anticancer activity

Background

Compounds possessing urea/thiourea moiety have a wide range of biological properties including anticancer activity. On the other hand, taking advantage of the low toxicity and structural diversity of hydrazone derivatives, they are presently being considered for designing chemical compounds with hydrazone moiety in the field of cancer treatment. With this in mind, a series of novel ureido/thioureido derivatives possessing a hydrazone moiety bearing nitro and chloro substituents (4a–4i) have been designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic effect on HT-29 human colon carcinoma and HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell lines.

Results

Two compounds (4c and 4e) having the chloro phenylurea group hybridized with phenyl hydrazone bearing nitro or chloro moieties demonstrated potent anticancer effect with the IC₅₀ values between 2.2 and 4.8 µM at 72 h. The mechanism of action of compound 4c was revealed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells as an inducer of apoptosis in a caspase-independent pathway.

Conclusion

Taken together, the current work presented compound 4c as a potential lead compound in developing future hepatocellular carcinoma chemotherapy drugs.

Methods

The compounds were synthesized and then characterized by physical and spectral data (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, Mass). The anticancer activity was assessed using MTT assay, flowcytometry, annexin-V, DAPI staining and Western blot analysis.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-022-00873-3.

Synthesis, crystal growth, characterization and DFT investigation of a nonlinear optically active cuminaldehyde derivative hydrazone

Single crystals of (E)-N'-(4-isopropylbenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide monohydrate (IBIHM) were grown from ethanol by the slow evaporation from solution growth technique at room temperature. The structure was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and crystallized in the orthorhombic system with noncentrosymmetric space group P2₁2₁2₁. Optical studies reveal that the absorption was minimum in the visible region and the band-gap energy was estimated using the Kubelka-Munk algorithm. The functional groups were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. A scanning electron microscopy study revealed the surface morphology of the grown crystal. Investigation of the intermolecular interactions, crystal packing using Hirshfeld surface analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirm that the close contacts were associated with molecular interactions. Fingerprint plots of Hirshfeld surfaces are used to locate and analyze the percentage of hydrogen-bonding interactions. The second-harmonic generation efficiency of the grown specimen was superior to that of the reference material, potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The grown crystals were further characterized by mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Theoretical studies using density functional theory (DFT) greatly substantiated the experimental observations. Large first-order molecular hyperpolarizability (β) of about ∼70× was observed for IBIHM. The efficiency of IBIHM in terms of nonlinear optical response was verified and the molecule displayed greater chemical stability and reactivity.