Synthesis and anticancer activity of new spirooxindoles incorporating[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine moiety

C3-Spirooxindoles: Divergent chemical synthesis and bioactivities (2018-2023)

This scientific review documents the recent progress of C3-spirooxindoles chemistry (synthesis and reaction mechanism) and their bioactivities, focusing on the promising results as well as highlighting the biological mechanism via the reported molecular docking findings of the most bioactive derivatives. C3-Spirooxindoles are attractive bioactive agents and have been found in a variety of natural compounds, including alkaloids. They are widely investigated in the field of medicinal chemistry and play a key role in medication development, such as antivirals, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, etc. Regarding organic synthesis, several traditional and advanced strategies have been reported, particularly those that started with isatin derivatives.

Spirooxindole: A Versatile Biologically Active Heterocyclic Scaffold

Spirooxindoles occupy an important place in heterocyclic chemistry. Many natural spirooxindole-containing compounds have been identified as bio-promising agents. Synthetic analogs have also been synthesized utilizing different pathways. The present article summarizes the recent development of both natural and synthetic spirooxindole-containing compounds prepared from isatin or its derivatives reported in the last five years. The spirooxindoles are categorized based on their mentioned biological properties.

Expeditious entry into carbocyclic and heterocyclic spirooxindoles

Spirocyclic frameworks have attracted synthetic practitioners due to their unique three-dimensional assembly, improved metabolic stability, solubility, and increased molecular complexity with regard to planar architectures. A recent surge in the number of spirocyclic oxindoles inhibiting enzymes, moderating unique protein-protein interactions, modulating receptors and transporters is testament to their prevalence. Against this background, the construction of spirocyclic frameworks containing an oxindole moiety as a torsional switch via stereoselective methods is in great demand. Herein we present a summary of the past three years in the progress of metal, organic molecule, nanostructured particle mediated, and even uncatalyzed versions of the highly diastereo- and enantioselective pathways leading to oxindole spirocycles.

Vision on Synthetic and Medicinal Facets of 1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine Scaffold

The present review article strives to compile the latest synthetic approaches for the synthesis of triazolothiadiazine and its derivatives, along with their diverse pharmacological activities, viz. anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, enzyme inhibitors (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinesterase inhibitors, alkaline phosphatase inhibitors, anti-lipase activity, and aromatase inhibitors) and antitubercular agents. The review focuses particularly on the structure–activity relationship of biologically important 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines, which have profound importance in drug design, discovery and development. In silico pharmacokinetic and molecular modeling studies have also been summarized. It is hoped that this review article will be of help to researchers engaged in the development of new biologically active entities for the rational design and development of new target-oriented 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine-based drugs for the treatment of multifunctional diseases.