Oxidation of barbituric and thiobarbituric acids by chromium trioxide in different acidic media: A kinetic and mechanistic aspects

Effective Treatment Methodology for Environmental Safeguard Catalytic Degradation of Fluconazole by Permanganate Ions in Different Acidic Environments: Kinetics, Mechanistics, RSM, and DFT Modeling

In this paper, the degradation of fluconazole drug (Flz) was explored kinetically utilizing permanganate ion [MnO4-] as an oxidant in different acidic environments, namely sulfuric and perchloric acids at various temperatures. Stoichiometry of the reactions between Flz and [MnO4-] in both acidic environments was attained to be 1.2 ± 0.07 mol. The kinetics of the degradation reactions in both cases were the same, being unit order regarding [MnO4-], fewer than unit orders in [Flz], and fractional second orders in acid concentrations. The rate of oxidative degradation of fluconazole in H2SO4 was higher than that in HClO4 at the same investigational circumstances. The addition of small amounts of Mg2+ and Zn2+ enhanced the degradation rates. The activation quantities were evaluated and debated. The gained oxidation products were characterized using spot tests. A mechanistic approach for the fluconazole degradation was suggested. Finally, the rate law expressions were derived which were agreed with the acquired outcomes. The rates of degradation for various [Flz] were mathematically modeled using the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM model's conclusions and the experimental findings are in agreement. The oxidative degradation mechanism of Flz using density functional theory (DFT) was performed. The fluconazole drug degrades in acidic settings, protecting both the environment and human health, according to a method that is easy to use, powerful, inexpensive, practical, affordable, and safe.

Metabolic Profile of Sow Blood Serum after Weaning

The aim of our research was to determine the content of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and mineral metabolites, as well as an antioxidant status of the sow's blood after weaning and to calculate the correlation between these parameters. The experiment was carried out on twenty clinically healthy crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace). Twenty sows were allocated to one of two groups: (1) 1 day after weaning (group 1, n = 10) and (2) 8 days after weaning (group 2, n = 10). The basis of the sow diet was SK-1 compound feed, balanced in terms of nutrients and energy in accordance with modern standards and the recommended feeding regimen. Sows blood samples were taken and analyzed for the metabolites of nitrogenous, carbohydrate-lipid, and mineral metabolism and indicators of antioxidant status. The results showed that, in group 2, the total protein content was 89.07 g/l, which is 10.2% higher than that in group 1 (p < 0.05); it was mainly achieved due to the globulin fraction. The urea increased by 19.1% (p < 0.05), but the concentrations of magnesium and chlorides decreased by 20.2% (p < 0.01) and 5.43% (p < 0.05), as well as the alkaline phosphatase and ALT activities decreased by 42.5% (p < 0.05). Strong positive correlations of the ceruloplasmin with total protein (0.672) and very strong with globulins (0.780) were observed. There was a strong negative correlation between the AST activity and the TBA-AP content, as well as the values of phospholipids and TAWSA. There are moderate negative correlations of the TBA-AP with magnesium, TAWSA and ALT activity, and moderate positive correlations of the TBA-AP with total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and cholesterol. The revealed tendencies and dependencies will serve as the theoretical basis for the development of practical methods for regulating the level of free-radical reactions.

Unprecedented Treatment Strategy of Aquatic Environments: Oxidative Degradation of Penicillin G by Chromium Trioxide in Acidic Media and the Impact of Metal Ion Catalysts: Kinetics and Mechanistic Insights

Degradation kinetics and pathways of the antibiotic penicillin G (Pen) have been examined via oxidation by chromium trioxide (Cr^VI) in aqueous sulfuric and perchloric acid media. The oxidation reactions were monitored by spectrophotometry at 298 K. In both acidic media, penicillin G oxidation was set to proceed through acid catalysis. The stoichiometry of the reactions designated that 3 moles of Pen required 2 moles of Cr^VI. The kinetics of Pen oxidation in both acids was of the first order with regard to [Cr^VI] and less-than unity order with regard to [Pen] and [H⁺] in their variation. The rates of reactions displayed negligible impacts upon altering ionic strengths or dielectric constants of the reaction media. There was no intrusion of free radicals throughout the redox reactions. Addition of low concentrations of Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions enhanced the oxidation rates, while addition of Cr³⁺ as a described product did not noteworthily alter the rates. Under comparable investigational circumstances, the oxidation rates in HClO₄ were almost 2-fold greater than in H₂SO₄. The oxidation products of penicillin G were identified by spectral analysis and spot tests as phenyl acetic acid, 2-formyl-5,5-dimethyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxlate ion, ammonium ion, and carbon dioxide. Reliance of reaction rates on temperature has been explored, and the activation and thermodynamic parameters were estimated and debated. In view of the noted reactions' orders and products' identification, a plausible mechanism for the oxidation reactions was suggested. The derived rate law was set to be in accordance with the acquired results. This study offers an unprecedented simple and low-cost treatment method for removal or degradation of certain pollutants for protecting the environment and human health.