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Kulhánek J, Burešová Z, Klikar M, Sdralias L, Katsidas A, Pytela O, Pařík P, Růžička A, Fakis M, Bureš F. Synthesis, photophysics and two-photon absorption of imidazole-centred tripodal chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:20908-20918. [PMID: 39045806 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Tripodal push-pull chromophores with D-(π-A)3 arrangement were synthesized using 1-methyl-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole as a central electron donor, and their thermal, electrochemical, photophysical and non-linear optical properties were studied and corroborated with quantum-chemical calculations. Their facile synthesis involved Suzuki-Miyaura and Knoevenagel reactions, allowing the installation of various peripheral electron acceptors such as formyl, cyano, ester, trifluoromethyl and more complex moieties such as malonic/acetic acid derivatives, indan-1,3-dione and rhodanine. All phenyl rings appended at the central imidazole core were more or less twisted depending on the peripheral substitution. Although imidazole undergoes reversible one-electron oxidation, peripheral acceptors are reduced irreversibly in a multi-electron process. This behaviour is further seen as a variation of the LUMO, while the HOMO remained almost unaltered across the whole series. TD-DFT calculations revealed centrifugal charge transfer from the central imidazole to all C2, C4 and C5 branches occupied by the LUMO, LUMO+1 and LUMO+2. The HOMO-LUMO gap is tuneable within the range of 3.55-2.31 eV, while the longest-wavelength absorption/emission maxima were found within the broad range of 304-448/393-612 nm. Although the absorption spectra are solvent-independent, the emission depends strongly on the solvent polarity and the electron-withdrawing power of the peripheral acceptors. Extended chromophores with complex electron acceptors were investigated as two-photon absorbers, revealing relatively good cross-section values of up to 521 GM and a figure-of-merit (ΦF × δ2PA) of around 190 GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kulhánek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Burešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Lampros Sdralias
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece.
| | | | - Oldřich Pytela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Patrik Pařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Mihalis Fakis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece.
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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Kathiravan A, Narayanan M, Asha Jhonsi M, Anbazhagan V. Receptor-free phenothiazine derivative as fluorescent probe for picric acid: Investigation of the inner filter effect channel. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123166. [PMID: 37481841 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a highly fluorescent and receptor-free phenothiazine derivative (PDAB) was developed to detect picric acid. A combination of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies was conducted to examine the excited state behavior of PDAB with picric acid in solution. The PDAB probe displayed a significant degree of selectivity and was highly sensitive to picric acid, with an extremely low detection limit of 9.82 nM. Time-resolved fluorescence quenching studies exhibit direct evidence of an inner filter effect-based sensing mechanism. Using the Parker equation, a thorough analysis was done to correct the inner filter effect on the sensing of picric acid. Overall, these studies provide critical information on the sensing mechanism for picric acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Kathiravan
- Department of Chemistry & (1)Centre for Molecular Photoscience, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai - 600 062, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mahalakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry & (1)Centre for Molecular Photoscience, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai - 600 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariadoss Asha Jhonsi
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600 048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkattappan Anbazhagan
- Department of Chemistry, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem 636 308, India.
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Kumar A, Nath P, Kumar V, Kumar Tailor N, Satapathi S. 3D printed optical sensor for highly sensitive detection of picric acid using perovskite nanocrystals and mechanism of photo-electron transfer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121956. [PMID: 36252303 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hand-held, compact and portable sensors for on-site detection of environmental contaminants are in high demand for industry 4.0. Here, we have developed a sensor based on luminescent organic-inorganic metal halide hybrid perovskites nanocrystals (CH3NH3PbBr3) with p-xylylenediamine as an additional capping agent for highly sensitive and selective detection of picric acid (PA), with a good linear range of 1.8 μM-14.3 μM achieving detection of limit (LOD) of 0.3 μM. The electrostatic interaction between PA and the capping ligand of perovskite nanocrystals resulted in significant fluorescence quenching, as revealed by the steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The applicability of the developed sensor for PA detection was validated with a 3D printed device integrating surface mounting device (SMD) and paper microfluidics. This prototype device was successfully applied as a fluorescence turn-off sensor to detect PA, showing great potential for on-site detection. This 3D-printed paper-based microfluidic optical sensor proved very efficient for naked-eye detection of PA with an inbuilt excitation source, avoiding the requirement of expensive and complex instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Prathul Nath
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar Tailor
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Soumitra Satapathi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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