1
|
He J, Sun Y, Ling J. A Molecular Fragment Representation Learning Framework for Drug-Drug Interaction Prediction. Interdiscip Sci 2024:10.1007/s12539-024-00658-3. [PMID: 39382821 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-024-00658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The concurrent use of multiple drugs may result in drug-drug interactions, increasing the risk of adverse reactions. Hence, it is particularly crucial to propose computational methods for precisely identifying unknown drug-drug interactions, which is of great significance for drug development and health. However, most recent studies have limited the drug-drug interaction prediction task to identifying interactions between substructures, overlooking molecular hierarchical information. Moreover, the extracted substructures in these methods are always restricted to have the same number of atoms as contained in the molecular graph, which does not align with real-world facts. In this study, a molecular fragment representation learning framework for drug-drug interaction prediction is introduced. Initially, a fragment extraction module is designed to acquire a series of molecular fragments. Subsequently, to capture more comprehensive features, molecular hierarchical information is effectively integrated, enabling drug-drug interaction prediction by identifying pairwise interactions between molecular fragments of each drug. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate that the proposed method achieved state-of-the-art performance in both DrugBank and Twosides datasets, particularly achieving an improved accuracy of over 20% for unseen drugs in both two datasets. Furthermore, case studies and visual analysis confirm that the proposed method can accurately identify crucial substructures influencing the interactions, which are basically consistent with functional group structures in reality. In conclusion, this method not only enhances the performance of drug-drug interaction prediction but also offers high interpretability. Source code is freely available at https://github.com/kennysyp/MFR-DDI .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi He
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan West Road, University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan West Road, University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jie Ling
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan West Road, University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Moura GM, Lage MR, Santos A, Gester R, Stoyanov SR, Andrade-Filho T. A DFT study of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the structure and electronic properties of sarcosine crystal. J Mol Model 2024; 30:368. [PMID: 39365492 PMCID: PMC11452461 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT We perform density functional theory calculations to study the dependence of the structural and electronic properties of the amino acid sarcosine crystal structure on hydrostatic pressure application. The results are analyzed and compared with the available experimental data. Our findings indicate that the crystal structure and properties of sarcosine calculated using the Grimme dispersion-corrected PBE functional (PBE-D3) best agree with the available experimental results under hydrostatic pressure of up to 3.7 GPa. Critical structural rearrangements, such as unit cell compression, head-to-tail compression, and molecular rotations, are investigated and elucidated in the context of experimental findings. Band gap energy tuning and density of state shifts indicative of band dispersion are presented concerning the structural changes arising from the elevated pressure. The calculated properties indicate that sarcosine holds great promise for application in electronic devices that involve pressure-induced structural changes. METHODS Three widely used generalized gradient approximation functionals-PBE, PBEsol, and revPBE-are employed with Grimme's D3 dispersion correction. The non-local van der Waals density functional vdW-DF is also evaluated. The calculations are performed using the projector-augmented wave method in the Quantum Espresso software suite. The geometry optimization results are visualized using VMD. The Multiwfn and NCIPlot programs are used for wavefunction and intermolecular interaction analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geanso M de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Materiais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Pará, IFPA, Campus Marabá Industrial-Pará, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Mateus R Lage
- Curso de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65800-000, Balsas, MA, Brazil
| | - Adenilson Santos
- Centro de Ciências Sociais Saúde e Tecnologia (CCSST), Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, R. Urbano Santos, s/n, Imperatriz, MA, 65900-410, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gester
- Faculdade de Física, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta, T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Tarciso Andrade-Filho
- Faculdade de Física, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, 68507-590, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhuang LL, Qian W, Wang X, Wang T, Zhang J. General performance, kinetic modification, and key regulating factor recognition of microalgae-based sulfonamide removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134891. [PMID: 38878437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides have been widely detected in water treatment plants. Advanced wastewater treatment for sulfonamide removal based on microalgal cultivation can reduce the ecological risk after discharge, achieve carbon fixation, and simultaneously recover bioresource. However, the general removal performance, key factors and their impacts, degradation kinetics, and potential coupling technologies have not been systematically summarized. To guide the construction and enhance the efficient performance of the purification system, this study summarizes the quantified characteristics of sulfonamide removal based on more than 100 groups of data from the literature. The biodegradation potential of sulfonamides from different subclasses and their toxicity to microalgae were statistically analyzed; therefore, a preferred option for further application was proposed. The mechanisms by which the properties of both sulfonamides and microalgae affect sulfonamide removal were comprehensively summarized. Thereafter, multiple principles for choosing optimal microalgae were proposed from the perspective of engineering applications. Considering the microalgal density and growth status, a modified antibiotic removal kinetic model was proposed with significant physical meaning, thereby resulting in an optimal fit. Based on the mechanism and regulating effect of key factors on sulfonamide removal, sensitive and feasible factors (e.g., water quality regulation, other than initial algal density) and system coupling were screened to guide engineering applications. Finally, we suggested studying the long-term removal performance of antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations and toxicity interactions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lan Zhuang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Ecological & Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 Wenhua East Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kiruthika M, Raveena R, Yogeswaran R, Elangovan N, Arumugam N, Padmanaban R, Djearamane S, Wong LS, Kayarohanam S. Spectroscopic characterization, DFT, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies on 4,5-bis[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29566. [PMID: 38707390 PMCID: PMC11066587 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The newly synthesized imidazole derivative namely, 4,5-bis[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole (KA1), was studied for its molecular geometry, docking studies, spectral analysis and density functional theory (DFT) studies. Experimental vibrational frequencies were compared with scaled ones. The reactivity sites were determined using average localized ionization analysis (ALIE), electron localized function (ELF), localized orbital locator (LOL), reduced density gradient (RDG), Fukui functions and frontier molecular orbital (FMO). Due to the solvent effect, a lower gas phase energy gap was observed. Through utilization of the noncovalent interaction (NCI) method, the hydrogen bond interaction, steric effect and Vander Walls interaction were investigated. Molecular docking simulations were employed to determine the specific atom inside the molecules that exhibits a preference for binding with protein. The parameters for the molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) and global reactivity descriptors were also determined. The thermodynamic characteristics were determined through calculations employing the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ basis set. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using the five different microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kiruthika
- Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Musiri, 621211, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R. Raveena
- Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Musiri, 621211, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R. Yogeswaran
- Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Musiri, 621211, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N. Elangovan
- Research Centre for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, Musiri, Anjalam, 621208, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - R. Padmanaban
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical, Chemical & Applied Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - Sinouvassane Djearamane
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Unit and Lab Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
| | - Saminathan Kayarohanam
- Faculty of Bioeconomics and Health Sciences, University Geomatika Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54200, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sankar Ganesan T, Elangovan N, Thirumavalavan M, Seenan S, Sowrirajan S, Chandrasekar S, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Mahalingam SM, V M DD, Kanchi S, Sivaramakrishnan V. Synthesis, topology, molecular docking and dynamics studies of o-phenylenediamine derivative. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38577881 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The N, N'-(1,2-phenylene) bis (1- (4- chlorophenyl) methanimine) (CS4) was synthesized and characterized by infrared (IR), absorption (UV-vis) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectral analyses. The structural parameters, vibrational frequencies, potential energy and the distribution analysis (PED) were calculated by using DFT with the basis set of B3LYP/cc-pVDZ and these spectral values were compared to the experimental values. HOMO and LUMO studied were performed in order to understand the stability and biological activity of the compound. The most reactive sites on the compound were investigated by utilizing MEP energy surface and Fukui function descriptor with the natural population analysis (NPA) of the charges. The study of the natural bond orbitals (NBO) reveals the delocalization of the intramolecular interaction of the charges in the compound. Additionally, topological investigations (ELF, LOL), determination of thermodynamic parameters and noncovalent interaction (NCI) study by using topology (RDG) analysis were also carried out. Finally, the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations was carried out by examining against glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D inhibitor receptor for distinct protein targets (3MZG).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sankar Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N Elangovan
- Research Centre for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Shanthi Seenan
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sowrirajan
- Research Centre for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Chandrasekar
- Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Datta Darshan V M
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subbarao Kanchi
- Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geethapriya J, Rexalin Devaraj A, Gayathri K, Swadhi R, Elangovan N, S.Manivel, Sowrirajan S, Thomas R. Solid state synthesis of a fluorescent Schiff base (E)-1-(perfluorophenyl)-N-(o-toly)methanimine followed by computational, quantum mechanical and molecular docking studies. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
7
|
Refat MS, Albogami B, Adam AMA, Saad HA, Alsuhaibani AM, Miyan L, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of two corticosteroids used adjunctively to treat COVID-19. Part II: The CT reaction of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone donors with TCNQ and fluoranil acceptors in five organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2022; 363:119878. [PMID: 35880006 PMCID: PMC9300052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone (termed as D1) and dexamethasone (termed as D2) are corticosteroids currently used to treat COVID-19. COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Exploring additional chemical properties of drugs used in the treatment protocols for COVID-19 could help scientists alike improve these treatment protocols and potentially even the vaccines (i.e., Janssen, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech). In this work, the charge-transfer (CT) properties of these two corticosteroids (D1 and D2) with two universal acceptors: 7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (termed as TCNQ) and fluoranil (termed as TFQ) in five different solvents were investigated. The examined solvents were MeOH, EtOH, MeCN, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3. The CT interactions formed stable corticosteroid CT complexes in all examined solvents. Several spectroscopic parameters were derived, and the oscillator strength (f) and transition dipole moment (μe.g. ) values revealed that the interaction between the investigated corticosteroids with TCNQ acceptor is much stronger than their interaction with TFQ acceptor. The CT interactions were proposed to process via n → π* transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bander Albogami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, College of Education, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lal Miyan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002(UP), India
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramalingam A, Kuppusamy M, Sambandam S, Medimagh M, Oyeneyin OE, Shanmugasundaram A, Issaoui N, Ojo ND. Synthesis, spectroscopic, topological, hirshfeld surface analysis, and anti-covid-19 molecular docking investigation of isopropyl 1-benzoyl-4-(benzoyloxy)-2,6-diphenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10831. [PMID: 36211997 PMCID: PMC9526874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Isopropyl 1-benzoyl-4-(benzoyloxy)-2,6-diphenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate (IDPC) was synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic (FT-IR and NMR) techniques. Hirshfeld surface and topological analyses were conducted to study structural and molecular properties. The energy gap (Eg), frontier orbital energies (EHOMO, ELUMO) and reactivity parameters (like chemical hardness and global hardness) were calculated using density functional theory with B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) level of theory. Molecular docking of IDPC at the active sites of SARS-COVID receptors was investigated. IDPC molecule crystallized in the centrosymmetric triclinic ( P 1 ¯ ) space group. The topological and Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that covalent, non-covalent and intermolecular H-bonding interactions, and electron delocalization exist in the molecular framework. Higher binding score (-6.966 kcal/mol) of IDPC at the active site of SARS-COVID main protease compared to other proteases suggests that IDPC has the potential of blocking polyprotein maturation. H-bonding and π-cationic and interactions of the phenyl ring and carbonyl oxygen of the ligand indicate the effective inhibiting potential of the compound against the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arulraj Ramalingam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Murugavel Kuppusamy
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivakumar Sambandam
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mouna Medimagh
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics (LR18ES18), Monastir, 5079, Tunisia
| | - Oluwatoba Emmanuel Oyeneyin
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Noureddine Issaoui
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics (LR18ES18), Monastir, 5079, Tunisia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adam AMA, Saad HA, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of two corticosteroids used adjunctively to treat COVID-19. Part I: Complexation of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone donors with DDQ acceptor in five organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2022; 357:119092. [PMID: 35431374 PMCID: PMC8989686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (termed SARS coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2). Since the first case reported in December 2019, infections caused by this novel virus have led to a continuous global pandemic that has placed an unprecedented burden on health, economic, and social systems worldwide. In response, multiple therapeutic options have been developed to stop this pandemic. One of these options is based on traditional corticosteroids, however, chemical modifications to enhance their efficacy remain largely unexplored. Obtaining additional insight into the chemical and physical properties of pharmacologically effective drugs used to combat COVID-19 will help physicians and researchers alike to improve current treatments and vaccines (i.e., Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Janssen). Herein, we examined the charge-transfer properties of two corticosteroids used as adjunctive therapies in the treatment of COVID-19, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone, as donors with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone as an acceptor in various solvents. We found that the examined donors reacted strongly with the acceptor in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 solvents to create stable compounds with novel clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|