Primary discovery of 1-aryl-5-substituted-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamides as promising antimicrobial agents

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine Derivatives

Infectious diseases pose a major challenge to human health, and there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents with excellent antibacterial activity. A series of novel triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine derivatives were synthesized and their structures were characterized using various techniques, such as melting point, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity using the microbroth dilution method. Among all the tested compounds, some showed moderate to good antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli strains. In particular, compound 2e exhibited superior antibacterial activities (MICs: 32 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 16 μg/mL against Escherichia coli), which was comparable to the first-line antibacterial agent ampicillin. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of the triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine derivatives was preliminarily investigated.

Recent advances in 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazole hybrids as antimicrobials and their SAR: A critical review

With the widespread use and sometimes even abuse of antibiotics, the problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become very serious, and it is posing a great threat to global health. Therefore, development of new antibiotics is imperative. Triazoles are five-membered, nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic scaffolds, with two isomeric forms, i.e. 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole. Triazole-containing compounds have a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-HIV, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, analgesic, and etc. The bioactivities and the diversity of triazole-containing drugs have attracted wide interest in these heterocycles. Various antibiotic triazole hybrids have been developed, and most of which have shown potent antimicrobial activities. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in triazole hybrids as potential antibacterial agents and their structure-activity relationships (SARs). The information gained through SAR studies will provide further insights into the development of new triazole antimicrobials.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOTOLERANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT GELS COMPOSED OF BENZYDAMINE AND FLAVONOIDS THAT WERE DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS

OBJECTIVE

The aim: Different gels composed of benzydamine and flavonoids that were developed for treatment of periodontal diseases in the orthodontic patients will be compared regarding their effects on survival of mammalian cells of various tissue origin and their DNA intactness.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and methods: Effect of different variants of patented gel composition «Benzidaflaziverdine» including a gel base and «Proteflazid®» containing flavonoids and benzydamine hydrochloride in powder form («T-Sept®») towards survival (MTT) of murine BALB-3T3 fibroblasts, J774.2 macrophages, human HaCaT keratinocytes was studied. Their effect on nativity of DNA of J774.2 macrophages was evaluated using DNA-comet assay.

RESULTS

Results: Three gel compositions were used. Sample 1 was prepared on gel basis including benzydamine in liquid form and demonstrated inhibitory effect towards pseudonormal murine BALB-3T3 fibroblasts and murine J774.2 macrophages, however, normal human НаСаТ keratinocytes were resistant to its action. Sample 2 included BH in powder form and it did not affect significantly НаСаТ keratinocytes аnd BALB-3T3 fibroblasts, but it suppressed J774.2 macrophages. Sample 3 («Benzidaflaziverdine») was developed and patented by us as a gel composed of benzydamine in powder form and flavonoid drops «Proteflazid®». It did not suppress tested mammalian cells and was not genotoxic (measured as % of DNA in comet tail and Olive Tail Moment) for murine J774.2 macrophages.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: Inclusion of flavonoids in gel composition «Benzidaflaziverdine» blocked cytotoxic and genotoxic actions of benzydamine. Developed gel com¬position might be efficient in clinical periodontology, in particular, for treatment of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients.

Essential Oil and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract of Grapefruit Peels Formulated for Candida albicans Infections: Evaluation by an in Vitro Model to Study Fungal-Host Interactions

Resistance to currently available antifungal agents raises the need to develop alternative remedies. Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic pathogenic fungus of humans, colonizing in the genital and intestinal mucosa, skin, and oral-nasal cavity and reducing quality of life. Herein, essential oil from grapefruit (Citrus paradise) peels was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the remaining plant material was sequentially subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction to determine the conditions for maximizing phenolic compounds. A statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of temperature (30, 50, 70 °C), pressure (80, 150, 220 bar), and ethanol as a cosolvent (0%, 10%, and 20% v/v). Essential oil and SC-CO₂ extracts were mixed at various ratios to develop an effective antifungal formulation. Subsequently, fungal infection was modeled by coculturing C. albicans with human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) to mimic dermal mycoses, endothelial cells (HUVEC) to evaluate vascular fate, and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells to represent additional genital mycoses. Treatment with essential oil and extract (25:75%) formulation for 8 h exhibited slight cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells, no toxicity toward HaCaT and HUVECs, whereas inhibition of C. albicans. Considering the clinical significance, such in vitro models are essential to screen potential compounds for the treatment of opportunistic fungal infections.

The antibacterial activity of quinazoline and quinazolinone hybrids

Bacterial infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality across the world and pose serious threats to humankind. Drug resistance, especially multidrug resistance resulting from different defensive mechanisms in bacteria, is the leading cause of failure the chemotherapy, making it an urgent need to develop more effective antibacterials. Quinazoline and quinazolinone frameworks have received considerable attention due to their diversified therapeutic potential. In particular, quinazoline/quinazolinone hybrids could exert antibacterial activity through various mechanisms and are useful scaffolds for the discovery of novel antibacterials. This review principally emphases on the antibacterial potential, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and mechanism of action of quinazoline and quinazolinone hybrids, covering articles published between 2017 and 2021.