3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives: Synthesis, in-silico studies, structure-activity relationship and in-vitro evaluation for acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition

Discovery of Novel Pyridazine-Tethered Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitors for the Management of Glaucoma

As a progressive neuropathic condition, glaucoma can cause lifelong blindness if left untreated. Novel phenylpyridazine-tethered sulfonamides were designed as selective inhibitors for carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoform II to find effective therapeutic agents for glaucoma. Subsequently, the target inhibitors were synthesized and assessed for their inhibitory action against cytosolic CA I and II. Interestingly, the synthesized molecules poorly inhibited CA I while exhibiting low subnanomolar potency against CA II. Compound 7c disclosed the most potent activity (IC50 = 0.63 nM) with high selectivity against CA II (605-fold than acetazolamide selectivity). Moreover, compound 7c also showed significant in vivo IOP-reducing properties in the in vivo model of glaucoma. Furthermore, the binding of compound 7c to CA II was assessed at the molecular level, exploiting the molecular docking approach.

Novel Pyrazole-Based Benzofuran Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Investigations

In this work, the design, synthesis, and mechanistic studies of novel pyrazole-based benzofuran derivatives 1-8 as anticancer agents were discussed. Cytotoxic potency of the title compounds was evaluated against the lung carcinoma A-549, human-derived colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells as well as mouse fibroblast 3T3-L1 cells using XTT assay. Anticancer mechanistic studies were carried out with flow cytometry. XTT results revealed that all compounds exhibited dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity against the tested cancer cells, and especially compound 2 showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity with an IC50 value of 7.31 μM and the highest selectivity (15.74) on MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry results confirmed that the cytotoxic power of compound 2 on MCF-7 cells is closely related to mitochondrial membrane damage, caspase activation, and apoptosis orientation. Finally, molecular docking studies were applied to determine the interactions between compound 2 and caspase-3 via in-silico approaches. By molecular docking studies, free binding energy (ΔGBind), docking score, Glide score values as well as amino acid residues in the active binding site were determined. Consequently, these results constitute preliminary data for in vivo anticancer studies and have the potential as a chemotherapeutic agent.

In silico and biological activity evaluation of quercetin-boron hybrid compounds, anti-quorum sensing effect as alternative potential against microbial resistance

Boronic acid compounds and the natural flavonoid compound quercetin were handled to synthesize two novel ligands encoded as B1(2,2'-(1,4-phenylenebis (benzo [1,3,2] dioxaborole-2,5-diyl)) bis (3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H- chromen-4-one) and B2(3.3.6. 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaborol-5-yl)- 4 H-chromene-4). Antioxidant activities of ligands were investigated by DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC methods. Cholinesterase inhibition effects of ligands were determined by acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition methods, cytotoxic effects of ligands were applied to healthy breast and colon cancer cell lines by MTT method, and urease and tyrosinase enzyme activities were determined. Antimicrobial properties of the compounds were analyzed by detecting their anti-QS potentials on Chromobacterium violaceum biosensor strain. Both compounds were found to have significant antioxidant effects compared to controls. It was determined that the compound B1 at 1-10 µg/mL was more active than the reference compounds (α-TOC and BHT). Moreover, the enzyme activity studies on ligands demonstrated that acetylchoinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitions were higher than the reference compounds. As expected, boron derivatives exhibited respectable activity against the biofilms of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). These results demonstrate the potential applicability of boron derivatives in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections and provide a practical strategy for the design of new boron-based antimicrobial materials. In silico molecular docking studies were performed on ligands to identify newly synthesized compounds. The binding parameter values and binding sites of the compounds were also determined. In conclusion, our studies showed that newly synthesized hybrid compounds could be solutions for antimicrobial resistance and enzyme-related disorders.