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Krauson AJ, Casimero FVC, Siddiquee Z, Stone JR. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine persistence and factors associated with cardiac involvement in recently vaccinated patients. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:141. [PMID: 37758751 PMCID: PMC10533894 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the BNT162b2 (BioNTech-Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) mRNA vaccines were expediently designed and mass produced. Both vaccines produce the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for gain of immunity and have greatly reduced mortality and morbidity from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The distribution and duration of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine persistence in human tissues is unclear. Here, we developed specific RT-qPCR-based assays to detect each mRNA vaccine and screened lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and myocardium from recently vaccinated deceased patients. Vaccine was detected in the axillary lymph nodes in the majority of patients dying within 30 days of vaccination, but not in patients dying more than 30 days from vaccination. Vaccine was not detected in the mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen, or liver. Vaccine was detected in the myocardium in a subset of patients vaccinated within 30 days of death. Cardiac ventricles in which vaccine was detected had healing myocardial injury at the time of vaccination and had more myocardial macrophages than the cardiac ventricles in which vaccine was not detected. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines routinely persist up to 30 days from vaccination and can be detected in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram J Krauson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faye Victoria C Casimero
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zakir Siddiquee
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Hu B, Boakye‐Yiadom KO, Yu W, Yuan Z, Ho W, Xu X, Zhang X. Nanomedicine Approaches for Advanced Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Related Ischemic Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000336. [PMID: 32597562 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. In response to this and other worldwide health epidemics, nanomedicine has emerged as a rapidly evolving discipline that involves the development of innovative nanomaterials and nanotechnologies and their applications in therapy and diagnosis. Nanomedicine presents unique advantages over conventional medicines due to the superior properties intrinsic to nanoscopic therapies. Once used mainly for cancer therapies, recently, tremendous progress has been made in nanomedicine that has led to an overall improvement in the treatment and diagnosis of CVDs. This review elucidates the pathophysiology and potential targets of atherosclerosis and associated ischemic diseases. It may be fruitful to pursue future work in the nanomedicine-mediated treatment of CVDs based on these targets. A comprehensive overview is then provided featuring the latest preclinical and clinical outcomes in cardiovascular imaging, biomarker detection, tissue engineering, and nanoscale delivery, with specific emphasis on nanoparticles, nanostructured scaffolds, and nanosensors. Finally, the challenges and opportunities regarding the future development and clinical translation of nanomedicine in related fields are discussed. Overall, this review aims to provide a deep and thorough understanding of the design, application, and future development of nanomedicine for atherosclerosis and related ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Kofi Oti Boakye‐Yiadom
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Wei Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - William Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xue‐Qing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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3
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Xiong Q, Li H, Zhou L, Liang J, Zhang Z, Han Y, Jing Y, Hu Y, Shi Y, Xu T, Qian G, Yuan J. A sulfated polysaccharide from the edible flesh of Cipangopaludina chinensis inhibits angiogenesis to enhance atherosclerotic plaque stability. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Guerrini V, Gennaro ML. Foam Cells: One Size Doesn't Fit All. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1163-1179. [PMID: 31732284 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in many infectious and metabolic diseases, and some cancers, is accompanied by the presence of foam cells. These cells form when the intracellular lipid content of macrophages exceeds their capacity to maintain lipid homeostasis. Concurrently, critical macrophage immune functions are diminished. Current paradigms of foam cell formation derive from studies of atherosclerosis. However, recent studies indicate that the mechanisms of foam cell biogenesis during tuberculosis differ from those operating during atherogenesis. Here, we review how foam cell formation and function vary with disease context. Since foam cells are therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis, further research on the disease-specific mechanisms of foam cell biogenesis and function is needed to explore the therapeutic consequences of targeting these cells in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guerrini
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Erten M, Çimenci İG, Kuloğlu T, Kalaycı M, Erten F. The relationship between visfatin and cardiac markers on induced myocardial infarction in rats. Cytokine 2018; 115:116-120. [PMID: 30477987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important reason of mortality into worldwide. Visfatin is a novel adipokine which was reported increased in metabolic syndrome and obesity. Moreover, it is known that visfatin increases in aterosclerotic endotelial dysfunction. In our study we want to demonstrate how visfatin changes in isoproterenol (ISO) induced MI. Rats were allocated into 4 groups in which each group included 6 rats in this study. 200 mg/kg ISO was administered into rats except control group to induce MI. I. and II. Group rats in 6th hour, III. Group rats in 24th hour and IV. Group rats in 7th day were decapitated. Visfatin was searched in cardiac tissues of all groups by immunohistochemistry stainning. Visfatin and cardiac markers' levels were measured in serum samples. Serum visfatin levels gradually increased in 6th and 24th hour in MI rats compared to controls. In 7th day visfatin levels decreased to control levels. These changes correlated with serum troponin T levels. These findings were supported by immunohistochemistry stainning of visfatin in cardiac tissues. It has been shown that visfatin could be useful in diagnosing MI and may be a biomarker for cardiac ischemia because of increasing in systemic circulation and cardiac tissues in MI like troponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erten
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Public Health Lab., Malatya, Turkey.
| | - İclal Geyikli Çimenci
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalaycı
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Elazig Research and Education Hospital, Elazig 23100, Turkey
| | - Füsun Erten
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Gottwald M, Matuschek A, von der Emde G. An active electrolocation catheter system for imaging and analysis of coronary plaques. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 12:015002. [PMID: 28129203 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/12/1/015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease-currently one of the most frequent causes of death-is characterized by atherosclerotic plaques grown in the wall of blood vessels and inhibiting blood flow. Preventive assessment focusses on critical sizes of structural plaque parameters like relative lipid core area and cap thickness to identify high-risk plaques called thin cap fibroatheromas. Although state-of-the-art catheter systems were successfully applied in invasive plaque diagnostics, the high costs induced by these devices inhibit usage in daily clinical practice. To overcome this shortcoming, we follow a biomimetic approach to construct a prospective low-cost catheter system that adapts the active electrolocation principles of weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. Only a few and simple parameters relevant for plaque detection and characterization are estimated from plaque-evoked electric images which are projected on the surface of the catheter. Two prototypical electrolocation catheter systems were tested. The first catheter system featured a ring electrode catheter and was used to obtain dynamic 1D electric images of synthetic plaques in an agarose atherosclerosis model. Our proof of concept showed that synthetic plaques could be reliably detected from 1D electric images. Based on a cluster analysis of selected key image features, synthetic plaques could be categorized into four plaque conditions, predefined from thresholds for critical structural parameters, representing high to low risk plaques. In the second recording approach, plaque-evoked dynamic and static spatial electric images were obtained by a multi-electrode catheter system. Based on these recordings, a synthetic plaque with a critical cap thickness could be detected and localized in a pig coronary artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gottwald
- Department of Neuroethology/Sensory Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
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Li Y, Stone JR. The impact of splenectomy on human coronary artery atherosclerosis and vascular macrophage distribution. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:453-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Yan H, Ma Y, Li Y, Zheng X, Lv P, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma M, Zhang L, Li C, Zhang R, Gao F, Wang H, Tao L. Insulin inhibits inflammation and promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability via PI3K-Akt pathway activation. Immunol Lett 2015; 170:7-14. [PMID: 26681144 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 induced inflammation was reported to play an important role in atherosclerotic plaque stability. Recent studies indicated that insulin could inhibit inflammation by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-dependent (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway. In the current study, we hypothesized that insulin would inhibit TLR4 induced inflammation via promoting PI3K-Akt activation, thus enhancing the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. In order to mimic the process of plaque formation, monocyte-macrophage lineage RAW264.7 were cultured and induced to form foam cells by oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). Oil red O staining results showed that insulin significantly restrained ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation. Analysis of inflammatory reaction during foam cell formation indicated that insulin significantly down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 levels, inhibited TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD) 88 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Further mechanism analysis showed that pretreating with the PI3K blocker, wortmannin dramatically dampened the insulin-induced up-regulation of pAkt expression. Additionally, blockade of PI3K-Akt signaling also dampened the immunosuppression effect brought by insulin. Following the construction of a rodent atherosclerosis model, pretreatment of insulin resulted in an evident decrease in lipid deposition of the blood vessel wall, serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and numbers of infiltrated macrophages and foam cells. Taken together, these results suggested that insulin might inhibit inflammation and promote atherosclerotic plaque stability via the PI3K-Akt pathway by targeting TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling. Our findings may provide a potential target for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meijuan Ma
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Stone JR, Bruneval P, Angelini A, Bartoloni G, Basso C, Batoroeva L, Buja LM, Butany J, d'Amati G, Fallon JT, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Gouveia RH, Halushka MK, Kelly KL, Kholova I, Leone O, Litovsky SH, Maleszewski JJ, Miller DV, Mitchell RN, Preston SD, Pucci A, Radio SJ, Rodriguez ER, Sheppard MN, Suvarna SK, Tan CD, Thiene G, van der Wal AC, Veinot JP. Consensus statement on surgical pathology of the aorta from the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology: I. Inflammatory diseases. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:267-78. [PMID: 26051917 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the aorta include routine atherosclerosis, aortitis, periaortitis, and atherosclerosis with excessive inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory atherosclerotic aneurysms. The nomenclature and histologic features of these disorders are reviewed and discussed. In addition, diagnostic criteria are provided to distinguish between these disorders in surgical pathology specimens. An initial classification scheme is provided for aortitis and periaortitis based on the pattern of the inflammatory infiltrate: granulomatous/giant cell pattern, lymphoplasmacytic pattern, mixed inflammatory pattern, and the suppurative pattern. These inflammatory patterns are discussed in relation to specific systemic diseases including giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's), rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Cogan syndrome, Behçet's disease, relapsing polychondritis, syphilitic aortitis, and bacterial and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - L Maximilian Buja
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ornella Leone
- Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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