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Adhami M, Picco CJ, Detamornrat U, Anjani QK, Cornelius VA, Robles-Martinez P, Margariti A, Donnelly RF, Domínguez-Robles J, Larrañeta E. Clopidogrel-loaded vascular grafts prepared using digital light processing 3D printing. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1693-1707. [PMID: 38051475 PMCID: PMC11052781 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The leading cause of death worldwide and a significant factor in decreased quality of life are the cardiovascular diseases. Endovascular operations like angioplasty, stent placement, or atherectomy are often used in vascular surgery to either dilate a narrowed blood artery or remove a blockage. As an alternative, a vascular transplant may be utilised to replace or bypass a dysfunctional or blocked blood vessel. Despite the advancements in endovascular surgery and its popularisation over the past few decades, vascular bypass grafting remains prevalent and is considered the best option for patients in need of long-term revascularisation treatments. Consequently, the demand for synthetic vascular grafts composed of biocompatible materials persists. To address this need, biodegradable clopidogrel (CLOP)-loaded vascular grafts have been fabricated using the digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technique. A mixture of polylactic acid-polyurethane acrylate (PLA-PUA), low molecular weight polycaprolactone (L-PCL), and CLOP was used to achieve the required mechanical and biological properties for vascular grafts. The 3D printing technology provides precise detail in terms of shape and size, which lead to the fabrication of customised vascular grafts. The fabricated vascular grafts were fully characterised using different techniques, and finally, the drug release was evaluated. Results suggested that the performed 3D-printed small-diameter vascular grafts containing the highest CLOP cargo (20% w/w) were able to provide a sustained drug release for up to 27 days. Furthermore, all the CLOP-loaded 3D-printed materials resulted in a substantial reduction of the platelet deposition across their surface compared to the blank materials containing no drug. Haemolysis percentage for all the 3D-printed samples was lower than 5%. Moreover, 3D-printed materials were able to provide a supportive environment for cellular attachment, viability, and growth. A substantial increase in cell growth was detected between the blank and drug-loaded grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Adhami
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Camila J Picco
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Usanee Detamornrat
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Qonita K Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Victoria A Cornelius
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Andriana Margariti
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Khatami M, Doniavi A, Abazari AM, Fotouhi M. Enhancing flexibility and strength-to-weight ratio of polymeric stents: A new variable-thickness design approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106262. [PMID: 38029464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new design strategy to improve the flexibility and strength-to-weight ratio of polymeric stents. The proposed design introduces a variable-thickness (VT) stent that outperforms conventional polymeric stents with constant thickness (CT). While polymeric stents offer benefits like flexibility and bioabsorption, their mechanical strength is lower compared to metal stents. To address this limitation, thicker polymer stents are used, compromising flexibility and clinical performance. Leveraging advancements in 3D printing, a new design approach is introduced in this study and is manufactured by the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 3D printing method and PLA resin. The mechanical performance of CT and VT stents is compared using the Finite Element Method (FEM), validated by experimental tests. Results demonstrate that the VT stent offers significant improvements compared to a CT stent in bending stiffness (over 20%), reduced plastic strain distribution of expansion (over 26%), and increased radial strength (over 10%). This research showcases the potential of the VT stent design to enhance clinical outcomes and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khatami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Ali Doniavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Amir Musa Abazari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Fotouhi
- Department of Materials, Mechanics, Management & Design (3MD), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
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Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Jiang H, Yu Y, Liu J, Luan J, Wang Y, Ma Z. The Stress Phase Angle Measurement Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7597. [PMID: 37688052 PMCID: PMC10490597 DOI: 10.3390/s23177597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The stress phase angle (SPA), defined as the temporal phase angle between circumferential stress (CS) in the arterial wall and wall shear stress (WSS), is utilized to investigate the interactions between CS and WSS. SPA serves as an important parameter for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we proposed a novel method for measuring SPA using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The multi-M-mode scan strategy is adopted for interference spectrum acquisition. The phases of CS and WSS are extracted from the corresponding structural and flow velocity images of SD-OCT. The method is validated by measuring SPA in the outflow tract (OFT) of chick embryonic hearts and the common carotid artery of mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that OCT has been used for SPA measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huiwen Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingmin Luan
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
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Jigoranu RA, Roca M, Costache AD, Mitu O, Oancea AF, Miftode RS, Haba MȘC, Botnariu EG, Maștaleru A, Gavril RS, Trandabat BA, Chirica SI, Haba RM, Leon MM, Costache II, Mitu F. Novel Biomarkers for Atherosclerotic Disease: Advances in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1639. [PMID: 37629496 PMCID: PMC10455542 DOI: 10.3390/life13081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a significant health concern with a growing incidence worldwide. It is directly linked to an increased cardiovascular risk and to major adverse cardiovascular events, such as acute coronary syndromes. In this review, we try to assess the potential diagnostic role of biomarkers in the early identification of patients susceptible to the development of atherosclerosis and other adverse cardiovascular events. We have collected publications concerning already established parameters, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as newer markers, e.g., apolipoprotein B (apoB) and the ratio between apoB and apoA. Additionally, given the inflammatory nature of the development of atherosclerosis, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) are also discussed. Additionally, newer publications on other emerging components linked to atherosclerosis were considered in the context of patient evaluation. Apart from the already in-use markers (e.g., LDL-C), emerging research highlights the potential of newer molecules in optimizing the diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease in earlier stages. After further studies, they might be fully implemented in the screening protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul-Alexandru Jigoranu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Roca
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florinel Oancea
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu-Stefan Miftode
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Ștefan Cristian Haba
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eosefina Gina Botnariu
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maștaleru
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu-Sebastian Gavril
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Andrei Trandabat
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sabina Ioana Chirica
- Faculty of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.C.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Raluca Maria Haba
- Faculty of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.C.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
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Adam SK, Shanmugam N, Mohamad S, Rahman SA, Moklas MAM. In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Erythroxylum cuneatum Leaf Extract on Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein-stimulated Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/09731296221137401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes inflammation, which results in the expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte adhesion and migration. This eventually leads to the progression of atherosclerosis. Erythroxylum cuneatum (EC), locally known as “Chinta mula,” is used as traditional medicine in certain countries. However, the scientific evidence of its medicinal properties, particularly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still limited. Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of EC leaf extract in protecting against atherosclerosis in vitro. Materials and Methods Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) induced by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) were treated with comparable concentrations (40 and 80 µg/ml) of EC ethanol and acetone leaf extracts. The antioxidant activities were determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ROS, and nitric oxide (NO) production assays. The anti-inflammatory effects of EC leaf extract were evaluated using monocyte adhesion and migration assays and the expression of adhesion molecules, namely, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and human vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Results Both EC extracts possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities against oxLDL-induced HAoECs, which were concentration-dependent. Acetone extract showed significant reduced TBARS levels and increased NO production compared to ethanol extract. It also caused a significant decrease in monocyte adhesion and expression of ICAM-1 as compared to ethanol extract. Conclusion These findings suggest that EC leaf extract is valuable in preventing atherogenesis. The superior effect of EC acetone extract warrants future studies to elucidate its mechanisms in the prevention of CVDs, particularly atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Khadijah Adam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nitya Shanmugam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharlina Mohamad
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shamima Abd Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li X, Zhang W, Fan Y, Niu X. MV-mediated biomineralization mechanisms and treatments of biomineralized diseases. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Integrated investigation of DNA methylation, gene expression and immune cell population revealed immune cell infiltration associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:108. [PMID: 35534881 PMCID: PMC9082837 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical consequences of atherosclerosis are significant source of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, while the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are largely unknown. Methods In this study, we integrated the DNA methylation and gene expression data in atherosclerotic plaque samples to decipher the underlying association between epigenetic and transcriptional regulation. Immune cell classification was performed on the basis of the expression pattern of detected genes. Finally, we selected ten genes with dysregulated methylation and expression levels for RT-qPCR validation. Results Global DNA methylation profile showed obvious changes between normal aortic and atherosclerotic lesion tissues. We found that differentially methylated genes (DMGs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly associated with atherosclerosis by being enriched in atherosclerotic plaque formation-related pathways, including cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization. Immune cell fraction analysis revealed that a large number of immune cells, especially macrophages, activated mast cells, NK cells, and Tfh cells, were specifically enriched in the plaque. DEGs associated with immune cell fraction change showed that they were mainly related to the level of macrophages, monocytes, resting NK cells, activated CD4 memory T cells, and gamma delta T cells. These genes were highly enriched in multiple pathways of atherosclerotic plaque formation, including blood vessel remodeling, collagen fiber organization, cell adhesion, collagen catalogic process, extractable matrix assembly, and platelet activation. We also validated the expression alteration of ten genes associated with infiltrating immune cells in atherosclerosis. Conclusions In conclusion, these findings provide new evidence for understanding the mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque formation, and provide a new and valuable research direction based on immune cell infiltration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01259-z.
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Eshghjoo S, Kim DM, Jayaraman A, Sun Y, Alaniz RC. Macrophage Polarization in Atherosclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050756. [PMID: 35627141 PMCID: PMC9142092 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The implication of the heterogeneous spectrum of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages (Macs) has been an important area of investigation over the last decade. The polarization of Macs alters their functional phenotype in response to their surrounding microenvironment. Macs are the major immune cells implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A hallmark pathology of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages in coronary arteries induced by pro-atherogenic stimuli; these M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages are incapable of digesting lipids, thus resulting in foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic plaques. Recent findings suggest that the progression and stability of atherosclerotic plaques are dependent on the quantity of infiltrated Macs, the polarization state of the Macs, and the ratios of different types of Mac populations. The polarization of Macs is defined by signature markers on the cell surface, as well as by factors in intracellular and intranuclear compartments. At the same time, pro- and anti-inflammatory polarized Macs also exhibit different gene expression patterns, with differential cellular characteristics in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Macs are reflective of different metabolic states and various types of diseases. In this review, we discuss the major differences between M1-like Macs and M2-like Macs, their associated metabolic pathways, and their roles in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Eshghjoo
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +1-(979)-862-9143 (Y.S.); +1-(206)-818-9450 (R.C.A.)
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +1-(979)-862-9143 (Y.S.); +1-(206)-818-9450 (R.C.A.)
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Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040722. [PMID: 35456556 PMCID: PMC9025701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the development of effective therapeutic strategies is a challenging task that requires more research to attain its full potential. This review discusses current pharmacotherapy in atherosclerosis and explores the potential of some important emerging therapies (antibody-based therapeutics, cytokine-targeting therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, photodynamic therapy and theranostics) in terms of clinical translation. A chemopreventive approach based on modern research of plant-derived products is also presented. Future perspectives on preventive and therapeutic management of atherosclerosis and the design of tailored treatments are outlined.
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Starodumov IO, Sokolov SY, Alexandrov DV, Zubarev AY, Bessonov IS, Chestukhin VV, Blyakhman FA. Modelling of hemodynamics in bifurcation lesions of coronary arteries before and after myocardial revascularization. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200303. [PMID: 34974725 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modelling of patient-specific hemodynamics for a clinical case of severe coronary artery disease with the bifurcation stenosis was carried out with allowance for standard angiographic data obtained before and after successfully performed myocardial revascularization by stenting of two arteries. Based on a non-Newtonian fluid model and an original algorithm for fluid dynamics computation operated with a limited amount of initial data, key characteristics of blood flow were determined to analyse the features of coronary disease and the consequences of its treatment. The results of hemodynamic modelling near bifurcation sites are presented with an emphasis on physical, physiological and clinical phenomena to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The main limitations and ways to minimize them are the subjects of discussion as well. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transport phenomena in complex systems (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya O Starodumov
- Department of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Laboratory of Multi-Scale Mathematical Modeling, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation
- Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg 620028, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Yu Sokolov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation
- Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg 620028, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Alexandrov
- Department of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Laboratory of Multi-Scale Mathematical Modeling, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Yu Zubarev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan S Bessonov
- Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 625026, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily V Chestukhin
- Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care, Moscow 129090, Russian Federation
| | - Felix A Blyakhman
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation
- Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg 620028, Russian Federation
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Kopčeková J, Kolesárová A, Schwarzová M, Kováčik A, Mrázová J, Gažarová M, Lenártová P, Chlebo P, Kolesárová A. Phytonutrients of Bitter Apricot Seeds Modulate Human Lipid Profile and LDL Subfractions in Adults with Elevated Cholesterol Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020857. [PMID: 35055679 PMCID: PMC8775948 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of short-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds phytonutrients on cardiovascular risk factors with a special focus on LDL cholesterol subfractions using the Lipoprint system. A group of 34 adult volunteers (21 female/13 male) consumed 60 mg kg−1 of body weight of bitter apricot seeds daily for 42 days. Subjects were divided into two groups: one with normal cholesterol levels (NTC) and one with elevated total cholesterol levels (ETC). Blood serum levels of total cholesterol (T-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) did not change significantly (p > 0.05) in NTC group. However, there were significant decreasing of T-C (p ˂ 0.05) and LDL-C (p < 0.01) in ETC group. The LDL1, LDL2, and atherogenic LDL3−7 subfractions progressively decreased after 42 days of apricot seeds consumption in ETC group (p < 0.05). Apricot seeds consumption was associated with a significant increase in the mean LDL particle size especially in ETC group (p ˂ 0.01). The results of the present study support the hypothesis that daily consumption of bitter apricot seeds for 42 days positively modified the lipoprotein profile in the group with elevated total cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kopčeková
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (P.L.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-37-641-4225
| | - Anna Kolesárová
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Marianna Schwarzová
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (P.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Anton Kováčik
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Jana Mrázová
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (P.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Martina Gažarová
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (P.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Petra Lenártová
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (P.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Peter Chlebo
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (P.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Adriana Kolesárová
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (A.K.); (A.K.)
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12
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Khalaj R, Tabriz AG, Okereke MI, Douroumis D. 3D printing advances in the development of stents. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121153. [PMID: 34624441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technologies have found several applications within the biomedical sector including in the fabrication of medical devices, advanced visualization, diagnosis planning and simulation of surgical procedures. One of the areas in which of 3D printing is anticipated to revolutionised is the manufacturing of implantable bioresorbable drug-eluting scaffolds (stents). The ability to customize and create personalised tailor-made bioresorbable scaffolds has the potential to help solve many of the challenges associated with stenting, such as inappropriate stent sizing and design, abolish late stent thrombosis and help artery growth; 3D printing offers a rapid prototyping and effective method of producing stents making customization of designs feasible. This review provides an overview of the subjects and summarizes the latest research in the 3D printing technologies employed for the design and fabrication of bioresorbable stents including materials with the required printable and mechanical properties. Finally, we present a regulatory perspective on the development and engineering of 3D printed implantable stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Khalaj
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Atabak Ghanizadeh Tabriz
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Michael I Okereke
- Mathematical Modelling for Engineering Research Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Greenwich, UK
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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13
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Hua J, Gao Z, Zhong S, Wei B, Zhu J, Ying R. CISD1 protects against atherosclerosis by suppressing lipid accumulation and inflammation via mediating Drp1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 577:80-88. [PMID: 34509082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis still remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and deeper understanding of target signaling that protect from the atherosclerosis progression may provide novel therapeutic strategies. CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (CISD1) is a protein localized on the outer membrane of mitochondria, and plays key roles in regulating cell death and oxidative stress. However, its potential on atherosclerosis development and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, in our study, we found markedly decreased CISD1 expression in lipid-laden THP1 macrophages. Notably, lentivirus (LV)-mediated CISD1 over-expression remarkably ameliorated lipid deposition in macrophages stimulated by ox-LDL. Furthermore, cellular total ROS and mitochondrial ROS generation, and impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were highly induced by ox-LDL in THP1 cells, while being considerably reversed upon CISD1 over-expression. Inflammatory response caused by ox-LDL was also significantly restrained in macrophages with CISD1 over-expression. Mechanistically, we found that CISD1 could interact with dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Intriguingly, CISD1-improved mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in ox-LDL-treated macrophages were strongly abolished by Drp1 over-expression, indicating that Drp1 suppression might be necessary for CISD1 to perform its protective effects in vitro. In high fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, tail vein injection of lentiviral vector expressing CISD1 remarkably decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, serum LDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride contents. Inflammatory response, cellular total and mitochondrial ROS production, and Drp1 expression levels in aorta tissues were also dramatically ameliorated in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice, contributing to the inhibition of atherosclerosis in vivo. Therefore, improving CISD1 expression may be a novel therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiming Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shaochun Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bocui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ru Ying
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Ilias N, Hamzah H, Ismail IS, Mohidin TBM, Idris MF, Ajat M. An insight on the future therapeutic application potential of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112207. [PMID: 34563950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a native plant to Paraguay. The extracts have been used as a famous sweetening agent, and the bioactive components derived from stevia possess a broad spectrum of therapeutical potential for various illnesses. Among its medicinal benefits are anti-hypertensive, anti-tumorigenic, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemia. Statins (3-hydro-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor) are a class of drugs used to treat atherosclerosis. Statins are explicitly targeting the HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme in the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Despite being widely used in regulating plasma cholesterol levels, the adverse effects of the drug are a significant concern among clinicians and patients. Hence, steviol glycosides derived from stevia have been proposed as an alternative in replacing statins. Diterpene glycosides from stevia, such as stevioside and rebaudioside A have been evaluated for their efficacy in alleviating cholesterol levels. These glycosides are a potential candidate in treating and preventing atherosclerosis provoked by circulating lipid retention in the sub-endothelial lining of the artery. The present review is an effort to integrate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, involvement of lipid droplets biogenesis and its associated proteins in atherogenesis, current approaches to treat atherosclerosis, and pharmacological potential of stevia in treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazhan Ilias
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Taznim Begam Mohd Mohidin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Faiz Idris
- Pusat Bahasa dan Pengajian Umum, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
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15
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Olean-Oliveira T, Figueiredo C, de Poli RAB, Lopes VHF, Jimenez-Maldonado A, Lira FS, Antunes BM. Menstrual cycle impacts adipokine and lipoprotein responses to acute high-intensity intermittent exercise bout. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:103-112. [PMID: 34564755 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to hormonal fluctuation, the menstrual cycle impacts inflammatory response and lipid metabolism; moreover, the anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in this cycle, mainly high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), need to be examined. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of menstrual cycle phases on adipokine and lipoprotein responses after acute HIIE sessions in healthy women. Fourteen women (age: 24 ± 2 years; BMI: 22.79 ± 1.89 kg·m2) were recruited to perform two HIIE sessions (10 × 1 min running at 90% of maximum aerobic velocity, with 1 min recovery); one during the follicular phase (FP) and other during the luteal phase (LP), randomly. Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately, and 60 min after HIIE sessions. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), leptin, adiponectin, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), HDL-c, and glucose concentrations were analyzed. At rest, higher MIP-1α concentrations were observed during the LP compared to FP (p = 0.017). Likewise, leptin (p = 0.050), LDL-c (p = 0.015), and non-HDL (p = 0.016) were statistically higher in the LP. In contrast, the adiponectin/leptin ratio was lower in the LP compared to the ratio found in the FP (p = 0.032). Immediately post-HIIE sessions, in both menstrual phases, higher TAG (p = 0.001) and HDL-c (p = 0.001) concentrations were found, which returned to resting levels after 60 min. In conclusion, adipokine and lipoprotein responses after a single HIIE session are regulated by the phase of the menstrual cycle, contributing to inflammatory conditions, and demonstrating the importance of considering the phases of the menstrual cycle for the periodization of physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Olean-Oliveira
- Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Bonetti de Poli
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vithor Hugo Fialho Lopes
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Moura Antunes
- Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Malekmohammad K, Bezsonov EE, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Role of Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:707529. [PMID: 34552965 PMCID: PMC8450356 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.707529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid-driven and maladaptive inflammatory disease of arterial intima. It is characterized by the dysfunction of lipid homeostasis and signaling pathways that control the inflammation. This article reviews the role of inflammation and lipid accumulation, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with more emphasis on cellular mechanisms. Furthermore, this review will briefly highlight the role of medicinal plants, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and microRNAs in the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of atherosclerosis. Lipid homeostasis at various levels, including receptor-mediated uptake, synthesis, storage, metabolism, efflux, and its impairments are important for the development of atherosclerosis. The major source of cholesterol and lipid accumulation in the arterial wall is proatherogenic modified low-density lipoprotein (mLDL). Modified lipoproteins, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and LDL binding with proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix in the intima of blood vessels, cause aggregation of lipoprotein particles, endothelial damage, leukocyte recruitment, foam cell formation, and inflammation. Inflammation is the key contributor to atherosclerosis and participates in all phases of atherosclerosis. Also, several studies have shown that microRNAs and lncRNAs have appeared as key regulators of several physiological and pathophysiological processes in atherosclerosis, including regulation of HDL biogenesis, cholesterol efflux, lipid metabolism, regulating of smooth muscle proliferation, and controlling of inflammation. Thus, both lipid homeostasis and the inflammatory immune response are closely linked, and their cellular and molecular pathways interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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17
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Pourgholi M, Abazari O, Pourgholi L, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Boroumand M. Association between rs3088440 (G > A) polymorphism at 9p21.3 locus with the occurrence and severity of coronary artery disease in an Iranian population. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5905-5912. [PMID: 34313925 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genome-wide association studies showed that a series of genetic variants located at the chromosome 9p21 locus are strongly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). RATIONALE AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY In the present study, the relationship of rs3088440 (G > A) in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene site with the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its severity was evaluated in an Iranian population. METHODS AND RESULTS The presence of rs3088440 (G > A) genotypes was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique in 324 CAD patients and 148 normal controls. rs3088440 (G > A) polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CAD in the total population (adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.10-2.82; p-value = 0.017) or in women (adjusted OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.34-6.55; p-value = 0.007), but not in the men (adjusted OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.70-2.6; p-value = 0.368). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the presence of rs3088440 (G > A) is potentially linked with the risk of CAD and its severity in whole study subjects or in women only, independent of CAD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Pourgholi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Omid Abazari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Leyla Pourgholi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 4136747176, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mohammadali Boroumand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, 8075Umea University, Sweden.,Brunel University, Middlesex, United Kingdom.,St George's University London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Vancheri
- Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, Caltanissetta, Italy
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19
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Duan H, Zhang Q, Liu J, Li R, Wang D, Peng W, Wu C. Suppression of apoptosis in vascular endothelial cell, the promising way for natural medicines to treat atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105599. [PMID: 33838291 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic multifactorial disease, is closely related to the development of cardiovascular diseases and is one of the predominant causes of death worldwide. Normal vascular endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and inhibiting atherosclerosis by regulating vascular tension, preventing thrombosis and regulating inflammation. Currently, accumulating evidence has revealed that endothelial cell apoptosis is the first step of atherosclerosis. Excess apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by risk factors for atherosclerosis is a preliminary event in atherosclerosis development and might be a target for preventing and treating atherosclerosis. Interestingly, accumulating evidence shows that natural medicines have great potential to treat atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis. Therefore, this paper reviewed current studies on the inhibitory effect of natural medicines on endothelial cell apoptosis and summarized the risk factors that may induce endothelial cell apoptosis, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), reactive oxygen species (ROS), angiotensin II (Ang II), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), homocysteine (Hcy) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We expect this review to highlight the importance of natural medicines, including extracts and monomers, in the treatment of atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and provide a foundation for the development of potential antiatherosclerotic drugs from natural medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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20
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VCAM-1-targeted and PPARδ-agonist-loaded nanomicelles enhanced suppressing effects on apoptosis and migration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced vascular smooth muscle cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222727. [PMID: 32314783 PMCID: PMC7218220 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Nanomicelles (NMs) have been widely used for various biomedical applications due to its unique physiochemical properties. The present study aims to investigate the effects of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-targeted and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) agonist (GW0742)-loaded NMs on apoptosis and migration in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAVSMCs). Methods: The GW0742-loaded NMs (M-GW) and VCAM-1-targeted NMs loaded with GW0742 (TM-GW) were prepared, and then the morphologies and the size distribution of M-GM and TM-GM were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. In vitro drug release assay of M-GM and TM-GM were performed as well. Next, HAVSMCs were cultured in medium containing ox-LDL to mimic atherosclerotic environment, and the effects of free GW0742, M-GM and TM-GM on endocytosis, cell migration and apoptosis, as well as the expression of VCAM-1, and proteins associated with migration and apoptosis were measured in HAVSMCs treated with ox-LDL. Results: M-GM and TM-GM were successfully prepared. VCAM-1 was overexpressed in HAVSMCs treated with ox-LDL, and TM-GM had a strong targeting ability to HAVSMCs treated with ox-LDL compared with M-GM. In addition, compared with free GW0742, both M-GM and TM-GM significantly diminished cell apoptosis and migration in HAVSMCs treated with ox-LDL. Conclusions: TM-GM had a superior suppressing effect on apoptosis and migration of ox-LDL-induced HAVSMCs.
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21
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Carvalho V, Maia I, Souza A, Ribeiro J, Costa P, Puga H, Teixeira S, Lima RA. In vitro
Biomodels in Stenotic Arteries to Perform Blood Analogues Flow Visualizations and Measurements: A Review. Open Biomed Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874120702014010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally and the most common pathological process is atherosclerosis. Over the years, these cardiovascular complications have been extensively studied by applying in vivo, in vitro and numerical methods (in silico). In vivo studies represent more accurately the physiological conditions and provide the most realistic data. Nevertheless, these approaches are expensive, and it is complex to control several physiological variables. Hence, the continuous effort to find reliable alternative methods has been growing. In the last decades, numerical simulations have been widely used to assess the blood flow behavior in stenotic arteries and, consequently, providing insights into the cardiovascular disease condition, its progression and therapeutic optimization. However, it is necessary to ensure its accuracy and reliability by comparing the numerical simulations with clinical and experimental data. For this reason, with the progress of the in vitro flow measurement techniques and rapid prototyping, experimental investigation of hemodynamics has gained widespread attention. The present work reviews state-of-the-art in vitro macro-scale arterial stenotic biomodels for flow measurements, summarizing the different fabrication methods, blood analogues and highlighting advantages and limitations of the most used techniques.
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22
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Vazquez-Prada KX, Lam J, Kamato D, Xu ZP, Little PJ, Ta HT. Targeted Molecular Imaging of Cardiovascular Diseases by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:601-613. [PMID: 33356385 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the major contributors to global disease burden. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process that involves the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the large arteries, forming an atherosclerotic plaque. Rupture of unstable plaques leads to thrombosis that triggers life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction. Current diagnostic methods are invasive as they require insertion of a catheter into the coronary artery. Molecular imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, have been developed to image atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis due to its high spatial resolution and safety. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging can be improved with contrast agents, such as iron oxide nanoparticles. This review presents the most recent advances in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction molecular imaging using iron oxide-based nanoparticles. While some studies have shown their effectiveness, many are yet to undertake comprehensive testing of biocompatibility. There are still potential hazards to address and complications to diagnosis, therefore strategies for overcoming these challenges are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla X Vazquez-Prada
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (K.X.V.-P., Z.P.X., H.T.T.), the University of Queensland, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (K.X.V.-P., J.L., D.K., P.J.L.), the University of Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology (K.X.V.-P., H.T.T.), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacinta Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (K.X.V.-P., J.L., D.K., P.J.L.), the University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (K.X.V.-P., J.L., D.K., P.J.L.), the University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (K.X.V.-P., Z.P.X., H.T.T.), the University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (K.X.V.-P., J.L., D.K., P.J.L.), the University of Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, China (P.J.L.)
| | - Hang T Ta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (K.X.V.-P., Z.P.X., H.T.T.), the University of Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology (K.X.V.-P., H.T.T.), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Environment and Science (H.T.T.), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhang H, Bai Z, Zhu L, Liang Y, Fan X, Li J, Wen H, Shi T, Zhao Q, Wang Z. Hydrogen sulfide donors: Therapeutic potential in anti-atherosclerosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5245308. [PMID: 33014272 PMCID: PMC7512065 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5245308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia has a prominent role in the onset of notorious atherosclerosis, a disease of medium to large arteries. Atherosclerosis is the prime root of cardiovascular events contributing to the most considerable number of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Factors like cellular senescence, genetics, clonal haematopoiesis, sedentary lifestyle-induced obesity, or diabetes mellitus upsurge the tendency of atherosclerosis and are foremost pioneers to definitive transience. Accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDLs) in the tunica intima triggers the onset of this disease. In the later period of progression, the build-up plaques rupture ensuing thrombosis (completely blocking the blood flow), causing myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart attack, all of which are common atherosclerotic cardiovascular events today. The underlying mechanism is very well elucidated in literature but the therapeutic measures remains to be unleashed. Researchers tussle to demonstrate a clear understanding of treating mechanisms. A century of research suggests that lowering LDL, statin-mediated treatment, HDL, and lipid-profile management should be of prime interest to retard atherosclerosis-induced deaths. We shall brief the Ox-LDL-induced atherogenic mechanism and the treating measures in line to impede the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Zhou Y, Ma W, Bian H, Chen Y, Li T, Shang D, Sun H. Long non-coding RNA MIAT/miR-148b/PAPPA axis modifies cell proliferation and migration in ox-LDL-induced human aorta vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2020; 256:117852. [PMID: 32470448 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis (AS) performs the important pathogenesis which refers to coronaryheart and vascular diseases. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was reported to be related to the AS progression. We aimed to probe the role and potential mechanism of Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript (MIAT) in AS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Levels of MIAT, microRNA-148b (miR-148b) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) were detected by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs). Proliferation and migration were examined by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and wound-healing assays, respectively. Protein levels of Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and PAPPA were examined by western blot assay. Ki-67 and PCNA level was detected by flow cytometry. The interaction among MIAT, miR-148b and PAPPA was confirmed via dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). The biology role of MIAT was detected by an AS model in vivo. KEY FINDINGS The levels of MIAT and PAPPA were augmented, whereas mature miR-148b level was repressed in ox-LDL-induced AS model. The inhibitory effects of knockdown of MIAT on proliferation and migration were relieved by miR-148b inhibitor. Additionally, miR-148b regulated proliferation and migration by targeting PAPPA. Mechanically, MIAT functioned as sponge of miR-148b to impact PAPPA expression. MIAT knockdown protected AS mice against lipid metabolic disorders in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Proliferation and migration were modified by MIAT/miR-148b/PAPPA axis in ox-LDL induced AS cell model, supplying a novel insight into the underlying application of MIAT in the clinical treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwu Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Pingyuan County, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Deya Shang
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haihui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Zhang B, Li Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Zeng G, Zhang A. Extraction, structure and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:1342-1347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Henein MY, Vancheri S, Bajraktari G, Vancheri F. Coronary Atherosclerosis Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E65. [PMID: 31991633 PMCID: PMC7168918 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying patients at increased risk of coronary artery disease, before the atherosclerotic complications become clinically evident, is the aim of cardiovascular prevention. Imaging techniques provide direct assessment of coronary atherosclerotic burden and pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions which may predict the progression of disease. Atherosclerosis imaging has been traditionally based on the evaluation of coronary luminal narrowing and stenosis. However, the degree of arterial obstruction is a poor predictor of subsequent acute events. More recent techniques focus on the high-resolution visualization of the arterial wall and the coronary plaques. Most acute coronary events are triggered by plaque rupture or erosion. Hence, atherosclerotic plaque imaging has generally focused on the detection of vulnerable plaque prone to rupture. However, atherosclerosis is a dynamic process and the plaque morphology and composition may change over time. Most vulnerable plaques undergo progressive transformation from high-risk to more stable and heavily calcified lesions, while others undergo subclinical rupture and healing. Although extensive plaque calcification is often associated with stable atherosclerosis, the extent of coronary artery calcification strongly correlates with the degree of atherosclerosis and with the rate of future cardiac events. Inflammation has a central role in atherogenesis, from plaque formation to rupture, hence in the development of acute coronary events. Morphologic plaque assessment, both invasive and non-invasive, gives limited information as to the current activity of the atherosclerotic disease. The addition of nuclear imaging, based on radioactive tracers targeted to the inflammatory components of the plaques, provides a highly sensitive assessment of coronary disease activity, thus distinguishing those patients who have stable disease from those with active plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden; (M.Y.H.); (G.B.)
- Departments of Fluid Mechanics, Brunel University, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, UK
- Molecular and Nuclear Research Institute, St George’s University, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Radiology Department, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gani Bajraktari
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden; (M.Y.H.); (G.B.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
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Screening and identification of potential active components in Ophiopogonis Radix against atherosclerosis by biospecific cell extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vancheri F, Longo G, Vancheri S, Danial JSH, Henein MY. Coronary Artery Microcalcification: Imaging and Clinical Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:E125. [PMID: 31547506 PMCID: PMC6963848 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies to prevent acute coronary and cerebrovascular events are based on accurate identification of patients at increased cardiovascular (CV) risk who may benefit from intensive preventive measures. The majority of acute CV events are precipitated by the rupture of the thin cap overlying the necrotic core of an atherosclerotic plaque. Hence, identification of vulnerable coronary lesions is essential for CV prevention. Atherosclerosis is a highly dynamic process involving cell migration, apoptosis, inflammation, osteogenesis, and intimal calcification, progressing from early lesions to advanced plaques. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a marker of coronary atherosclerosis, correlates with clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD), predicts future CV events and improves the risk prediction of conventional risk factors. The relative importance of coronary calcification, whether it has a protective effect as a stabilizing force of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque has been debated until recently. The extent of calcium in coronary arteries has different clinical implications. Extensive plaque calcification is often a feature of advanced and stable atherosclerosis, which only rarely results in rupture. These macroscopic vascular calcifications can be detected by computed tomography (CT). The resulting CAC scoring, although a good marker of overall coronary plaque burden, is not useful to identify vulnerable lesions prone to rupture. Unlike macrocalcifications, spotty microcalcifications assessed by intravascular ultrasound or optical coherence tomography strongly correlate with plaque instability. However, they are below the resolution of CT due to limited spatial resolution. Microcalcifications develop in the earliest stages of coronary intimal calcification and directly contribute to plaque rupture producing local mechanical stress on the plaque surface. They result from a healing response to intense local macrophage inflammatory activity. Most of them show a progressive calcification transforming the early stage high-risk microcalcification into the stable end-stage macroscopic calcification. In recent years, new developments in noninvasive cardiovascular imaging technology have shifted the study of vulnerable plaques from morphology to the assessment of disease activity of the atherosclerotic lesions. Increased disease activity, detected by positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR), has been shown to be associated with more microcalcification, larger necrotic core and greater rates of events. In this context, the paradox of increased coronary artery calcification observed in statin trials, despite reduced CV events, can be explained by the reduction of coronary inflammation induced by statin which results in more stable macrocalcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Department, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy.
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Radiology Department, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - John S H Danial
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
- Institute of Environment & Health and Societies, Brunel University, Middlesex SW17 0RE, UK.
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University, London UB8 3PH, UK.
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In Vitro Antithrombotic and Hypocholesterolemic Activities of Milk Fermented with Specific Strains of Lactococcus lactis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092150. [PMID: 31505734 PMCID: PMC6769448 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fermented with specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was reported to be a rich source of metabolites, such as peptides with different biological activities that may have a positive effect on cardiovascular health. Thus, in this study, the antithrombotic and hypocholesterolemic activities of fermented milk with specific strains of Lactococcus lactis were investigated before and after exposure to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) model. The inhibition of thrombin-induced fibrin polymerization (IC50 peptide concentration necessary to inhibit thrombin activity by 50%), anticoagulant activity, inhibition of micellar solubility of cholesterol and bile acid binding capacity of water soluble fractions (WSF) <3 kDa from fermented milk were evaluated. Results indicated that the WSF from fermented milk with Lc-572 showed antithrombotic (IC50 = 0.049 mg/mL) and hypocholesterolemic (55% inhibition of micellar solubility of cholesterol and 27% bile acid binding capacity) activities. Meanwhile, fermented milk with Lc-571 showed mainly antithrombotic activity (IC50 = 0.045 mg/mL). On the other hand, fermented milk with Lc-600 presented mainly hypocholesterolemic activity (31.4% inhibition of micellar solubility of and 70% bile acid binding capacity). Moreover, biological activities were not lost after simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. Thus, fermented milk with these specific L. lactis strains show potential for the development of functional foods.
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Luo Y, Fang JL, Yuan K, Jin SH, Guo Y. Ameliorative effect of purified anthocyanin from Lycium ruthenicum on atherosclerosis in rats through synergistic modulation of the gut microbiota and NF-κB/SREBP-2 pathways. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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