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Zhang Z, Huang J, Li Y, Yan H, Xie J, Wang J, Zhao B. Global burden, risk factors, clinicopathological characteristics, molecular biomarkers and outcomes of microsatellite instability-high gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:948-963. [PMID: 38224334 PMCID: PMC10817383 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) has gained considerable interests since it was approved as a tumor-agnostic biomarker in immunotherapy. However, the reported characteristics of MSI-H gastric cancer (GC) are inconsistent due to the biological complexity. Here, we aim to clarify the prevalence, risk factors, clinicopathological/molecular features and outcomes of MSI-H GC though a comprehensive review on 43246 patients from 134 cohorts. Overall, the proportion of MSI-H GC was 14.5% (95% CI, 13.3%-15.8%). Patients with MSI-H GC were less likely to have Epstein-Barr virus infection. High incidences of MSI-H GC were associated with female, older age, lower gastric body, Lauren intestinal histology, WHO tubular and mucinous subtypes, and early disease stage. Additionally, patients with MSI-H GC harbored more KRAS mutation, PD-L1 positivity, CD8 overexpression, and higher TMB, but less HER2 positivity and TP53 mutation. When treated with conventional strategy, the 5-year survival rates in MSI-H patients (70.3%) and MSI-L/MSS patients (43.7%) were significantly different (p<0.001). Patients with MSI-H GC derived larger benefit from immunotherapy in term of overall survival (pInteraction<0.001) and objective response (pInteraction=0.02). Since the prevalence of MSI-H GC is relatively high and associated with distinct clinicopathological and molecular characteristics, MSI testing should be conducted during standard diagnostical activity. Moreover, giving MSI-H tumors are often diagnosed at early stage and have favorable outcomes, less aggressive treatment strategies may be considered in clinical practice. In summary, this panoramic review may assist in design and/or interpretation of clinical trials, provide references in drug development, and constitute complementary information in drafting the clinical practice guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishan Zhang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Jinyuan Huang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huimeng Yan
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Junxing Xie
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Chicken blastoderms and primordial germ cells possess a higher expression of DNA repair genes and lower expression of apoptosis genes to preserve their genome stability. Sci Rep 2022; 12:49. [PMID: 34997179 PMCID: PMC8741993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is susceptible to damage by various sources. When the DNA is damaged, the cell repairs the damage through an appropriate DNA repair pathway. When the cell fails to repair DNA damage, apoptosis is initiated. Although several genes are involved in five major DNA repair pathways and two major apoptosis pathways, a comprehensive understanding of those gene expression is not well-understood in chicken tissues. We performed whole-transcriptome sequencing (WTS) analysis in the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs), stage X blastoderms, and primordial germ cells (PGCs) to uncover this deficiency. Stage X blastoderms mostly consist of undifferentiated progenitor (pluripotent) cells that have the potency to differentiate into all cell types. PGCs are also undifferentiated progenitor cells that later differentiate into male and female germ cells. CEFs are differentiated and abundant somatic cells. Through WTS analysis, we identified that the DNA repair pathway genes were expressed more highly in blastoderms and high in PGCs than CEFs. Besides, the apoptosis pathway genes were expressed low in blastoderms and PGCs than CEFs. We have also examined the WTS-based expression profiling of candidate pluripotency regulating genes due to the conserved properties of blastoderms and PGCs. In the results, a limited number of pluripotency genes, especially the core transcriptional network, were detected higher in both blastoderms and PGCs than CEFs. Next, we treated the CEFs, blastoderm cells, and PGCs with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 1 h to induce DNA damage. Then, the H2O2 treated cells were incubated in fresh media for 3–12 h to observe DNA repair. Subsequent analyses in treated cells found that blastoderm cells and PGCs were more likely to undergo apoptosis along with the loss of pluripotency and less likely to undergo DNA repair, contrasting with CEFs. These properties of blastoderms and PGCs should be necessary to preserve genome stability during the development of early embryos and germ cells, respectively.
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Engin AB, Engin A. DNA damage checkpoint response to aflatoxin B1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:90-96. [PMID: 30594067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although most countries regulate the aflatoxin levels in food by legislations, high amounts of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA adducts can still be detected in normal and tumorous tissue obtained from cancer patients. AFB1 cannot directly interact with DNA unless it is biotransformed to AFB1-8, 9-epoxide via cytochrome p450 enzymes. This metabolite spontaneously and irreversibly attaches to guanine residues to generate highly mutagenic DNA adducts. AFB1-induced mutation of ATM kinase results in the deterioration of the cell cycle checkpoint activation at the G2/M checkpoint site. Genomic instability and increased cancer risk due to A-T mutation is the result of diminished repair of DNA double strand breaks. The major point mutation caused by AFB1 is G-to-T transversion that is related with the high frequency of p53 mutation. Majority of AFB1 associated hepatocellular cancer cases carry TP53 mutant DNA, which is an indicator of AFB1 exposure, as well as hepatocellular cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Kim J, Park SH, Do KH, Kim D, Moon Y. Interference with mutagenic aflatoxin B1-induced checkpoints through antagonistic action of ochratoxin A in intestinal cancer cells: a molecular explanation on potential risk of crosstalk between carcinogens. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39627-39639. [PMID: 27119350 PMCID: PMC5129958 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) cause genotoxic injury and subsequent tumor formation. As a biomarker of oncogenic stimulation by genotoxic mycotoxins, p53-triggered Mdm2 was assessed in intestinal cancer cells. AFB1 increased Mdm2 reporter expression in a dose-dependent manner. However, this was strongly antagonized by OTA treatment. As a positive transcription factor of Mdm2 expression, p53 levels were also increased by AFB1 alone and reduced by OTA. With marginal cell death responses, AFB1 induced p53-mediated S phase arrest and cell cycle-regulating target genes, which was completely suppressed by OTA. Although enterocyte-dominant CYP3A5 counteracted AFB1-induced DNA damage, expression of CYP3A5 was decreased by OTA or AFB1. Instead, OTA enhanced expression of another metabolic inactivating enzyme CYP3A4, attenuation of formation of AFB1-DNA adduct and p53-mediated cell cycle checking responses to the mutagens. Finally, the growth of intestinal cancer cells exposed to the mycotoxin mixture significantly exceeded the expected growth calculated from that of cells treated with each mycotoxin. Although AFB1-induced mutagen formation was decreased by OTA, interference with checkpoints through antagonistic action of OTA may contribute to the survival of tumor cells with deleterious mutations by genotoxic mycotoxins, potently increasing the risk of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juil Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Kee Hun Do
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.,Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Pusan, South Korea
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Huo X, Li Z, Zhang S, Li C, Guo M, Lu J, Lv J, Du X, Chen Z. Analysis of the expression level and methylation of tumor protein p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog and mutS homolog 2 in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphoma in C57BL/6 mice. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4339-4348. [PMID: 28943948 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is often caused by somatic mutation or epigenetic changes in genes that regulate aspects of cell death, proliferation and survival. Although the functions of multiple tumor suppressor genes have been well studied in isolation, how these genes cooperate during the progression of a single tumor remains unclear in numerous cases. The present study used N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), one of the most potent mutagenic nitrosourea compounds, to induce thymic lymphoma in C57BL/6J mice. Subsequently, the protein expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), transformation protein 53 and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) were evaluated concomitantly in the thymus, liver, kidney and spleen of MNU-treated mice by western blotting. To determine whether changes in expression level were due to aberrant epigenetic regulation, the present study further examined the methylation status of each gene by MassARRAY analysis. During the tumorigenesis process of an MNU-induced single thymic lymphoma, the expression level of PTEN was revealed to be reduced in thymic lymphoma samples but not in normal or non-tumor thymus tissue samples. Furthermore, a marked reduction of P53 expression levels were demonstrated in thymic lymphomas and spleens with a metastatic tumor. Conversely, MSH2 upregulation was identified only in liver, kidney, and spleen samples that were infiltrated by thymic lymphoma cells. Furthermore, the present study revealed that a number of 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' sites located in the promoter of aberrantly expressed genes had significantly altered methylation statuses. These results improve the understanding of the course of mutagen-induced cancer, and highlight that epigenetic regulation may serve an important function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Huo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Lv
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Ishikawa-Fujiwara T, Shiraishi E, Fujikawa Y, Mori T, Tsujimura T, Todo T. Targeted Inactivation of DNA Photolyase Genes in Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes). Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:315-322. [PMID: 27861979 DOI: 10.1111/php.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) exhibit sequence and structural conservation, but their functions are divergent. Photolyase is a DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the light-dependent repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced photoproducts, whereas cryptochrome acts as a photoreceptor or circadian clock protein. Two types of DNA photolyase exist: CPD photolyase, which repairs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and 6-4 photolyase, which repairs 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). Although the Cry-DASH protein is classified as a cryptochrome, it also has light-dependent DNA repair activity. To determine the significance of the three light-dependent repair enzymes in recovering from solar UV-induced DNA damage at the organismal level, we generated mutants in each gene in medaka using the CRISPR genome editing technique. The light-dependent repair activity of the mutants was examined in vitro in cultured cells and in vivo in skin tissue. Light-dependent repair of CPD was lost in the CPD photolyase-deficient mutant, whereas weak repair activity against 6-4PPs persisted in the 6-4 photolyase-deficient mutant. These results suggest the existence of a heretofore unknown 6-4PP repair pathway and thus improve our understanding of the mechanisms of defense against solar UV in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishikawa-Fujiwara
- Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eri Shiraishi
- Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujikawa
- Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Yasuda T, Kimori Y, Nagata K, Igarashi K, Watanabe-Asaka T, Oda S, Mitani H. Irradiation-injured brain tissues can self-renew in the absence of the pivotal tumor suppressor p53 in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:9-15. [PMID: 26410759 PMCID: PMC4708913 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein, p53, plays pivotal roles in regulating apoptosis and proliferation in the embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) following neuronal injuries such as those induced by ionizing radiation. There is increasing evidence that p53 negatively regulates the self-renewal of neural stem cells in the adult murine brain; however, it is still unknown whether p53 is essential for self-renewal in the injured developing CNS. Previously, we demonstrated that the numbers of apoptotic cells in medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos decreased in the absence of p53 at 12-24 h after irradiation with 10-Gy gamma rays. Here, we used histology to examine the later morphological development of the irradiated medaka brain. In p53-deficient larvae, the embryonic brain possessed similar vacuoles in the brain and retina, although the vacuoles were much smaller and fewer than those found in wild-type embryos. At the time of hatching (6 days after irradiation), no brain abnormality was observed. In contrast, severe disorganized neuronal arrangements were still present in the brain of irradiated wild-type embryos. Our present results demonstrated that self-renewal of the brain tissue completed faster in the absence of p53 than wild type at the time of hatching because p53 reduces the acute severe neural apoptosis induced by irradiation, suggesting that p53 is not essential for tissue self-renewal in developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yasuda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Tokyo University, Bioscience Building 102, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8562, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimori
- Department of Imaging Science, Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Tokyo University, Bioscience Building 102, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8562, Japan
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Tokyo University, Bioscience Building 102, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8562, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Tokyo University, Bioscience Building 102, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8562, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Tokyo University, Bioscience Building 102, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Tokyo University, Bioscience Building 102, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8562, Japan
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