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Niknahad H, Heidari R, Jangjou A, Asghari V, Niknahad FM, Goudarzi F, Tavakoli N, Rahimi M, Niknahad AM, Rashedinia M. The therapeutic effect of a novel parenteral formulation of dihydroxyacetone in aluminum phosphide-intoxicated patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22165. [PMID: 38053886 PMCID: PMC10694179 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Aluminum phosphide (AlP), known as "rice tablet," is widely used as an effective pesticide. However, AlP poisoning is a common cause of mortality in many countries, such as Iran. Unfortunately, there is no specific antidote for AlP toxicity to date. AlP releases phosphine gas when it is exposed to moisture or acid. Phosphine is a potent mitochondrial toxin that could significantly inhibit cellular energy metabolism. AlP poisoning is an emergency condition that needs instant and effective intervention. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a simple saccharide used for several pharmacological as well as cosmetic purposes. Previously, we found that DHA could significantly prevent mitochondrial impairment induced by toxic agents such as cyanide and phosphine in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Methods Hospitalized patients (n = 111) were evaluated for eligibility criteria. Among these patients, n = 35 cases were excluded due to incomplete data (n = 11) and suspicion of poisoning with poisons other than AlP (n = 24). Meanwhile, n = 76 cases with confirmed AlP poisoning were included in the study. AlP-poisoned patients who did not receive DHA (n = 18) were used as the control group.Patients (n = 58) received at least one dose of DHA (500 ml of 5 % DHA solution w/v, i.v.) as an adjuvant therapy in addition to the routine treatment of AlP poisoning. Arterial blood gas (ABG), blood pH, bicarbonate levels, and other vital signs and biochemical measurements were monitored. Moreover, the mortality rate and hospitalization time were evaluated in DHA-treated and AlP-poisoned patients without DHA administration. Several biomarkers were assessed before (upon hospitalization) and after DHA treatment. The routine tests for AlP-poisoned patients in this study were the measurement of electrolytes (K+ and Na+), WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, INR, carbonate (HCO3), blood pH, PaCO2, and PaO2 and SGPT, SGOT, BUN, Cr. Results Upon patients' admission, significant decreases in blood pH (acidosis), blood PaO2, and HCO3 levels were the hallmarks of AlP poisoning. It was found that DHA significantly alleviated biomarkers of AlP poisoning and tremendously enhanced patients' survival rate (65.52 % in DHA-treated vs 33.34 % in the control group) compared to patients treated based on hospital routine AlP poisoning protocols (no DHA). No significant adverse effects were evident in DHA-treated patients in the current study. Interpretation and conclusions These data suggest that parenteral DHA is a novel and effective antidote against AlP poisoning to be used as an adjuvant in addition to routine supportive treatment. Trial registration IR.SUMS.REC.1394.102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Jangjou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Fazel Goudarzi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasim Tavakoli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Rahimi
- Toxicological Research Center, Excellence Center of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marziye Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Owji S, Teklehaimanot F, Maghfour J, Lim HW. Properties and safety of topical dihydroxyacetone in sunless tanning products: A review. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:567-572. [PMID: 37697919 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Sunless tanning products have risen in popularity as the desire for a tanned appearance continues alongside growing concerns about the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a simple carbohydrate found nearly universally in sunless tanning products that serves to impart color to the skin. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates sunless tanning products as cosmetics, allows DHA for external use while maintaining that its ingestion, inhalation, or contact with mucosal surfaces should be avoided. Given its widespread use and a paucity of reviews on its safety, we aim to review the literature on the topical properties and safety profile of DHA. Available data indicate that DHA possesses only minimal to no observable photoprotective properties. In vitro studies suggest that, while DHA concentrations much higher than those in sunless tanning products are needed to induce significant cytotoxicity, even low millimolar, nonlethal concentrations can alter the function of keratinocytes, tracheobronchial cells, and other cell types on a cellular and molecular level. Instances of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis triggered by DHA exposures have also been reported. While no other side effects in humans have been observed, additional studies on the safety and toxicity of DHA in humans are warranted, with a focus on concentrations and frequencies of DHA exposure typically encountered by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Owji
- Transitional Residency Program, John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Fayven Teklehaimanot
- Transitional Residency Program, McLaren Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, Michigan, USA
| | - Jalal Maghfour
- The Henry W. Lim Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- The Henry W. Lim Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Experimental and approved treatments for skin photosensitivity in individuals with erythropoietic protoporphyria or X-linked protoporphyria: A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114132. [PMID: 36525819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) are characterized by skin photosensitivity caused by accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. We aimed to review the clinical evidence of efficacy and safety of skin photosensitivity treatments in individuals with EPP or XLP. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 40 studies with data on 18 treatment modalities were included. Comprehensive treatment safety data were obtained from the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration. The studies used different outcome measures to evaluate the sensitivity without a generally accepted method to assess treatment effect on skin photosensitivity. Of the included studies, 13 were controlled trials. Gathered, the trials showed moderate positive effect of inorganic sunscreen application and subcutaneous implant of afamelanotide and no effect of organic sunscreen application, or oral treatment with beta-carotene, cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, or warfarin. Studies without control groups suggested treatment effect of foundation cream, dihydroxyacetone/lawsone cream, narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy, erythrocyte transfusion, extracorporeal erythrocyte photodynamic therapy, or oral treatment with zinc sulphate, terfenadine, cimetidine, or canthaxanthin, but the real effect is uncertain. Assessment of treatment effect on photosensitivity in patients with EPP or XLP carries a high risk of bias since experienced photosensitivity varies with both weather conditions, exposure pattern, and pigmentation. Controlled trials of promising treatment options are important although challenging in this small patient population.
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Heerfordt IM, Philipsen PA, Lerche CM, Wulf HC. Protection against visible light by dihydroxyacetone in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103302. [PMID: 36690194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) are hypersensitive to long wave ultraviolet (UVA) radiation and visible light and they experience severe skin pain by light exposure. The patients have very limited treatment options. Sunless skin tanning with dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is now being investigated as a possible treatment modality of skin photosensitivity in EPP. METHODS We simulated the theoretical light protection factor provided by DHA application. In addition, we present 19 cases with EPP who were treated at our department with DHA weekly during spring and summer from 2018 to 2021 inclusive. RESULTS The protection factor against UVA and visible light was estimated to approximately two. Out of the 19 patients with EPP who were treated with DHA in 2018, 11 patients experienced a sustained good effect and continued to use the treatment on a weekly basis in the spring and summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES Both the theoretical estimates and the uncontrolled study suggest that sunless tanning with DHA reduces photosensitivity in patients with EPP. Our hypothesis is that skin treated with DHA can tolerate twice the daylight dose compared to untreated skin before onset of skin symptoms. To validate this conclusion, we plan a randomized clinical trial to determine the effect of DHA application to reduce photosensitivity in patients with EPP under controlled clinical conditions. The study protocol for this trial is presented in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Heerfordt
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Catharina M Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Turner J, O'Loughlin DA, Green P, McDonald TO, Hamill KJ. In search of the perfect tan: Chemical activity, biological effects, business considerations, and consumer implications of dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning products. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:79-88. [PMID: 35384270 PMCID: PMC10083914 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As the desire and popularity of a tanned appearance continues, the social effects of UV-free tanning are becoming more important. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) has seen extensive use as the main tanning agent in sunless tanners. The DHA-induced tan is a result of brown melanoidins formed by a non-enzymatic Maillard reaction between DHA and amino acid species found in the stratum corneum. DHA, thereby, provides a safer route to a tanned appearance compared with exposure to ultraviolet radiation. However, DHA is a highly reactive molecule, posing a multitude of challenges for potential product formulations. With their increased use, the safety considerations of topically applied DHA tanners have been investigated. Many different vehicles have been used for topical delivery of DHA, and they are becoming increasingly multifunctional. This review provides a holistic overview of dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Turner
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danielle A O'Loughlin
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin J Hamill
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Mehta R, Sonavane M, Migaud ME, Gassman NR. Exogenous exposure to dihydroxyacetone mimics high fructose induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:185-202. [PMID: 33496975 PMCID: PMC7954877 DOI: 10.1002/em.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a three-carbon sugar that is the active ingredient in sunless tanning products and a by-product of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) combustion. Increased use of sunless tanning products and e-cigarettes has elevated exposures to DHA through inhalation and absorption. Studies have confirmed that DHA is rapidly absorbed into cells and can enter into metabolic pathways following phosphorylation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), a product of fructose metabolism. Recent reports have suggested metabolic imbalance and cellular stress results from DHA exposures. However, the impact of elevated exposure to DHA on human health is currently under-investigated. We propose that exogenous exposures to DHA increase DHAP levels in cells and mimic fructose exposures to produce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gene and protein expression changes. Here, we review cell line and animal model exposures to fructose to highlight similarities in the effects produced by exogenous exposures to DHA. Given the long-term health consequences of fructose exposure, this review emphasizes the pressing need to further examine DHA exposures from sunless tanning products and e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Mehta
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL USA
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL USA
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL USA
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL USA
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Rahim SANM, Lee CS, Abnisa F, Aroua MK, Daud WAW, Cognet P, Pérès Y. A review of recent developments on kinetics parameters for glycerol electrochemical conversion - A by-product of biodiesel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135137. [PMID: 31846815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol is a by-product produced from biodiesel, fatty acid, soap and bioethanol industries. Today, the value of glycerol is decreasing in the global market due to glycerol surplus, which primarily resulted from the speedy expansion of biodiesel producers around the world. Numerous studies have proposed ways of managing and treating glycerol, as well as converting it into value-added compounds. The electrochemical conversion method is preferred for this transformation due to its simplicity and hence, it is discussed in detail. Additionally, the factors that could affect the process mechanisms and products distribution in the electrochemical process, including electrodes materials, pH of electrolyte, applied potential, current density, temperature and additives are also thoroughly explained. Value-added compounds that can be produced from the electrochemical conversion of glycerol include glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, glycolic acid, glyceric acid, lactic acid, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, tartronic acid and mesoxalic acid. These compounds are found to have broad applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food and polymer industries are also described. This review will be devoted to a comprehensive overview of the current scenario in the glycerol electrochemical conversion, the factors affecting the mechanism pathways, reaction rates, product selectivity and yield. Possible outcomes obtained from the process and their benefits to the industries are discussed. The utilization of solid acid catalysts as additives for future studies is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ching Shya Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Faisal Abnisa
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua
- Centre for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization (CCDCU), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500. Malaysia; Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YW, UK
| | - Wan Ashri Wan Daud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Patrick Cognet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yolande Pérès
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Daniel CL, Gassman NR. A truly safer alternative? Sunless tanning products and the unknown. Prev Med 2018; 112:45-46. [PMID: 29626559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Daniel
- University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, United States.
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9
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Smith KR, Granberry M, Tan MC, Daniel CL, Gassman NR. Dihydroxyacetone induces G2/M arrest and apoptotic cell death in A375P melanoma cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:333-342. [PMID: 29193605 PMCID: PMC5809210 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The active ingredient in sunless tanning products (STPs) is a simple sugar, dihydroxyacetone (DHA). Several studies have demonstrated that DHA is absorbed within the viable layers of skin and not fully contained within the stratum corneum. Additionally, spray tanning and other aerosolized application methods have increased the risk of internal exposure through mucous membranes and inhalation. Beyond its presence in STPs, DHA also occurs as an endogenous by-product of fructose metabolism, and an excess of DHA in cells can induce advanced glycation end (AGE) products and oxidative stress. Therefore, exogenous and endogenous exposures to DHA may be harmful to cells, and it has already been demonstrated that exogenous exposure to DHA is cytotoxic in immortalized keratinocytes. Still, little is known about the exogenous DHA exposure effects on other skin components. In this study, we explore the effects of exogenous DHA exposure in a human melanoma cell line, A375P. Melanoma cells were sensitive to DHA and displayed a transient burst of reactive oxygen species within an hour of exposure. Cell cycle arrest at G2/M was observed within 24 h of exposure, and apoptosis, monitored by the cleavage of PARP-1 and Caspase-3, was detected within 72 h of exposure to DHA. Together, these demonstrate that exogenous exposure to DHA has cytotoxic effects in our selected cell model and indicates the need to further investigate the exogenous exposure effects of DHA in other relevant exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Smith
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, Alabama, 36604-1405 United States of America
| | - Molley Granberry
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, Alabama, 36604-1405 United States of America
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, University of South Alabama, 650 Clinic Dr, Mobile, Alabama, 36608 United States of America
| | - Marcus C.B. Tan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, Alabama, 36604-1405 United States of America
| | - Casey L. Daniel
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, Alabama, 36604-1405 United States of America
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, Alabama, 36604-1405 United States of America
- corresponding author. Natalie R. Gassman, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, Alabama, 36604-1405, United States of America, Phone: 251-445-8430, Fax: 251-460-6994,
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Bagnato G, Iulianelli A, Sanna A, Basile A. Glycerol Production and Transformation: A Critical Review with Particular Emphasis on Glycerol Reforming Reaction for Producing Hydrogen in Conventional and Membrane Reactors. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:membranes7020017. [PMID: 28333121 PMCID: PMC5489851 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol represents an emerging renewable bio-derived feedstock, which could be used as a source for producing hydrogen through steam reforming reaction. In this review, the state-of-the-art about glycerol production processes is reviewed, with particular focus on glycerol reforming reactions and on the main catalysts under development. Furthermore, the use of membrane catalytic reactors instead of conventional reactors for steam reforming is discussed. Finally, the review describes the utilization of the Pd-based membrane reactor technology, pointing out the ability of these alternative fuel processors to simultaneously extract high purity hydrogen and enhance the whole performances of the reaction system in terms of glycerol conversion and hydrogen yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bagnato
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Adolfo Iulianelli
- Institute on Membrane Technology of the Italian National Research Council (ITM-CNR), c/o University of Calabria, via P. Bucci Cubo 17/C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Aimaro Sanna
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Angelo Basile
- Institute on Membrane Technology of the Italian National Research Council (ITM-CNR), c/o University of Calabria, via P. Bucci Cubo 17/C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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Jain VK, Tear CJY, Lim CY. Dihydroxyacetone production in an engineered Escherichia coli through expression of Corynebacterium glutamicum dihydroxyacetone phosphate dephosphorylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 86:39-44. [PMID: 26992791 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) has several industrial applications such as a tanning agent in tanning lotions in the cosmetic industry; its production via microbial fermentation would present a more sustainable option for the future. Here we genetically engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli) for DHA production from glucose. Deletion of E. coli triose phosphate isomerase (tpiA) gene was carried out to accumulate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), for use as the main intermediate or precursor for DHA production. The accumulated DHAP was then converted to DHA through the heterologous expression of Corynebacterium glutamicum DHAP dephosphorylase (cghdpA) gene. To conserve DHAP exclusively for DHA production we removed methylglyoxal synthase (mgsA) gene in the ΔtpiA strain. This drastically improved DHA production from 0.83g/l (0.06g DHA/g glucose) in the ΔtpiA strain bearing cghdpA to 5.84g/l (0.41g DHA/g glucose) in the ΔtpiAΔmgsA double mutant containing the same gene. To limit the conversion of intracellular DHA to glycerol, glycerol dehydrogenase (gldA) gene was further knocked out resulting in a ΔtpiAΔmgsAΔgldA triple mutant. This triple mutant expressing the cghdpA gene produced 6.60g/l of DHA at 87% of the maximum theoretical yield. In summary, we demonstrated an efficient system for DHA production in genetically engineered E. coli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishist Kumar Jain
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore.
| | - Crystal Jing Ying Tear
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Chan Yuen Lim
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
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Munt DJ, Grana A, Hulce M, Fusaro RM, Dash AK. Effect of Simultaneous Administration of Dihydroxyacetone on the Diffusion of Lawsone Through Various In Vitro Skin Models. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1425-33. [PMID: 25986597 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprotected sunlight exposure is a risk factor for a variety of cutaneous cancers. Topically used dihydroxyacetone (DHA) creates, via Maillard reaction, chemically fixed keratin sunscreen in the stratum corneum with significant protection against UVA/Soret radiation. When used in conjunction with naphthoquinones a naphthoquinone-modified DHA Maillard reaction is produced that provides protection across the UVB/UVA/Soret spectra lasting up to 1 week, resisting sweating and contact removal. The aim of this study was to examine a simplified version of this formulation for effect on UV transmission and to determine if penetration levels merit toxicity concerns. Permeability was demonstrated for freshly prepared DHA (30 mg/mL) and lawsone (0.035 mg/mL) alone and in combination using a side-by-side diffusion apparatus at 37°C over 48 h across shed snake skin and dermatomed pig skin. These samples were then examined for effectiveness and safety. Concentrations were determined by HPLC and UPLC monitored from 250-500 nm. Lawsone flux significantly decreased across pig skin (20.8 (± 4.8) and 0.09 (± 0.1) mg/cm(2) h without and with DHA, respectively) but did not change across shed snake skin in the presence of DHA. Significantly reduced lawsone concentration was noted in donor chambers of combined solutions. Damage was not observed in any skins. Darker coloration with greater UV absorbance was observed in skins exposed to the combined solution versus individual solutions. This study confirmed that combined DHA and lawsone provided effective blocking of ultraviolet light through products bound in keratinized tissue. DHA permeation levels in pig skin suggest further in vitro and in vivo study is required to determine the safety of this system.
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Balogh TS, Pedriali CA, Gama RM, de Oliveira Pinto CAS, Bedin V, Villa RT, Kaneko TM, Consiglieri VO, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:359-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moneib HAM, Salem SAM, Younis RMM. Comparison of turbo-PUVA and conventional American-style PUVA in the treatment of psoriatic patients. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2010; 26:205-10. [PMID: 20626823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2010.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV)A protective properties of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) have been used as a topical UV-resisting barrier to optimize psoralens and UVA (turbo-PUVA). Starting doses and increments were based on the DHA diffuse reflectance spectroscopy-derived protection factor. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of turbo-PUVA in psoriatic patients using a simpler method for determining starting doses and increments, in comparison to the conventional American-style PUVA photochemotherapy. METHODS Thirty psoriasis patients (15 on American-style PUVA and 15 on turbo-PUVA) were evaluated, each receiving PUVA twice weekly. Starting UVA dose was determined according to skin phototype for the American-style PUVA group and according to the patient's skin phototype x DHA SPF 3 in turbo-PUVA group. UVA increments used were 0.5-1.5 J/cm(2) per treatment in American-style PUVA and 25% of the previous dose in turbo-PUVA. RESULTS Turbo-PUVA group showed a significantly lower mean cumulative dose, a significantly higher psoriasis area and severity index score reduction, lesser mean number of treatment sessions, and less duration of treatment till remission (188.44+/-106.2 J/cm(2), 92.164+/-1.975%, 11.2+/-3.52 session, and 1.4+/-0.44 months, respectively) than conventional American-style PUVA group (255.13+/-18.304 J/cm(2), 74.725+/-10.976%, 30+/-0.00 sessions, and 3.75+/-0.00 months, respectively). CONCLUSION Turbo-PUVA is more effective and time convenient for the treatment of psoriasis with less cumulative dose than the conventional American-style PUVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ahmed M Moneib
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Stopiglia CDO, Vieira FJ, Mondadori AG, Oppe TP, Scroferneker ML. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Dihydroxyacetone Against Causative Agents of Dermatomycosis. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:267-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Topical hydrocortisone, clobetasol propionate, and calcipotriol do not increase photocarcinogenesis induced by simulated solar irradiation in hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:973-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lawrence NJ, Song L, Doig J, Ritchie AM, Brownstein DG, Melton DW. Topical thymidine dinucleotide application protects against UVB-induced skin cancer in mice with DNA repair gene (Ercc1)-deficient skin. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:664-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus do not accelerate photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice after UVA or simulated solar radiation. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:246-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Topical tacrolimus in combination with simulated solar radiation does not enhance photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:57-62. [PMID: 18095946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the utility of topical tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. However, there is a concern that local immunosuppression by calcineurin inhibitors may enhance dermal photocarcinogenesis and carcinogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the influence of topical tacrolimus ointment on squamous cell carcinoma formation in hairless female C3.Cg/TifBomTac immunocompetent mice exposed to solar simulated radiation (SSR). In a first experiment, mice (n = 200) had tacrolimus applied on their dorsal skin three times weekly followed by SSR (2, 4 or 6 standard erythema doses, SED) 3-4 h later. Tacrolimus did not reduce the time to tumor development and in the group receiving 4 SED it even had a protective effect (156 days vs 170 days, P = 0.008). In a second experiment, mice (n = 50) were irradiated with 6 SED three times weekly for 3 months and subsequently treated five times weekly with topical tacrolimus to mimic the use of tacrolimus on sun-damaged skin. The median time to the first skin tumor was 234 days in SSR + tacrolimus group compared with 227 days in the only SSR-irradiated group (P = 0.160). In a third experiment, mice (n = 25) had tacrolimus applied on their dorsal skin every day for 1 month, thereafter the group was irradiated with 4 SED three times weekly. The median time to the first skin tumor was 142 days in tacrolimus + SSR group compared with 156 days in the only SSR-irradiated group from experiment 1 (P = 0.363). We conclude that tacrolimus ointment does not accelerate photocarcinogenesis or induce any dermal carcinogenicity in hairless mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina M Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Sun exposure is the main cause of photocarcinogenesis, photoageing, and photosensitivity; thus, photoprotection is an important issue. In a skin cancer prevention strategy, behavioural measures--eg, wearing sun protective clothes and a hat and reducing sun exposure to a minimum--should be preferred to sunscreens. Often this solution is deemed to be unacceptable in our global, outdoor society, and sunscreens could become the predominant mode of sun protection for various societal reasons (eg, healthiness of a tan, relaxation in the sun). The application of a liberal quantity of sunscreen has been shown to be by far the most important factor for effectiveness of the sunscreen, followed by the uniformity of application and the specific absorption spectrum of the agent used. The sunscreen market--crowded by numerous products--shows various differences worldwide. Nevertheless, sunscreens should not be abused in an attempt to increase time in the sun to a maximum. Controversies about safety of sunscreens and clinical recommendations are discussed.
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Abstract
During seven months of a clinical trial in spring, summer, and fall, 30 UVA/B/Soret band-photosensitive patients used sequential topical applications of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) followed by naphthoquinone only at bedtime and received excellent photoprotection without a single therapeutic failure or loss of any patient to follow-up. Eighteen of the 30 patients extended the limits of their photoprotection repeatedly over a seven-month period to tolerate without sunburns six to eight hours of midday sunlight under all kinds of occupational and recreational environmental conditions. Previously, the use of 3% DHA topically in earlier studies gave only a sun protection factor (SPF) of 3. In this reanalysis of the original notes of a previous clinical study of the melanoidins produced by DHA followed by naphthoquinone in the keratin layers of the epidermis of minimally pigmented Caucasian photosensitive patients, it is determined that these patients received a minimal UVB photoprotection of SPF 18 or more. This represents at least a sixfold amplification of the UVB photoprotective effect over the use of only dihydroxyacetone in the Maillard reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon M Fusaro
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, 984360 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4360, USA.
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Maier T, Korting HC. Sunscreens – Which and What for? Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 18:253-62. [PMID: 16113595 DOI: 10.1159/000087606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that sun exposure is the main cause for the development of skin cancer. Chronic continuous UV radiation is believed to induce malignant melanoma, whereas intermittent high-dose UV exposure contributes to the occurrence of actinic keratosis as precursor lesions of squamous cell carcinoma as well as basal cell carcinoma. Not only photocarcinogenesis but also the mechanisms of photoaging have recently become apparent. In this respect the use of sunscreens seemed to prove to be more and more important and popular within the last decades. However, there is still inconsistency about the usefulness of sunscreens. Several studies show that inadequate use and incomplete UV spectrum efficacy may compromise protection more than previously expected. The sunscreen market is crowded by numerous products. Inorganic sunscreens such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide have a wide spectral range of activity compared to most of the organic sunscreen products. It is not uncommon for organic sunscreens to cause photocontact allergy, but their cosmetic acceptability is still superior to the one given by inorganic sunscreens. Recently, modern galenic approaches such as micronization and encapsulation allow the development of high-quality inorganic sunscreens. The potential systemic toxicity of organic sunscreens has lately primarily been discussed controversially in public, and several studies show contradictory results. Although a matter of debate, at present the sun protection factor (SPF) is the most reliable information for the consumer as a measure of sunscreen filter efficacy. In this context additional tests have been introduced for the evaluation of not only the protective effect against erythema but also protection against UV-induced immunological and mutational effects. Recently, combinations of UV filters with agents active in DNA repair have been introduced in order to improve photoprotection. This article reviews the efficacy of sunscreens in the prevention of epithelial and nonepithelial skin cancer, the effect on immunosuppression and the value of the SPF as well as new developments on the sunscreen market.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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Faurschou A, Wulf HC. Durability of the sun protection factor provided by dihydroxyacetone. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2004; 20:239-42. [PMID: 15379873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The sunless tanning agent dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is known to protect against longwave ultraviolet radiation (UVA) and visible light. Recently, our laboratory has shown that DHA in addition offers a modest sun protection factor (SPF) in humans. We conducted this study in order to investigate the durability of the SPF provided by DHA. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were treated with 20% DHA cream twice in three areas on the volar forearm. One, 5 and 7 days after the second application the participants were phototested with simulated sunlight in each area. Blue reflectance was used to measure the skin coloration by DHA in the test sites. RESULTS DHA generated a significant SPF of 3.0 at day 1, 2.0 at day 5 and 1.7 at day 7 (P<0.0001). The SPF was positively correlated to the change in blue reflectance (r=0.39, P=0.034). The loss of SPF unit/day was not significantly different between the subjects (P<0.122). However, the intercepts were significantly different (P<0.0001) indicating differences in the initial SPF obtained among the subjects. CONCLUSIONS The SPF of DHA decreases with the same loss of SPF unit/day between humans and the durability of the SPF thus depends on the initial SPF provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faurschou
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke, University of Copenhagen, 23 DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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