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La Maestra S, Benvenuti M, D'Agostini F, Micale RT. Comet-FISH analysis of urothelial cells. A screening opportunity for bladder cancer? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:653-663. [PMID: 37334662 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2227381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most frequent cancer of the urinary tract, with more than 500,000 reported cases and nearly 200,000 related deaths yearly. Cystoscopy is the standard examination used for the initial diagnosis and follow-up of BCa in the noninvasive stage. However, the American Cancer Society does not include BCa screening in its list of recommended cancer screenings. AREAS COVERED Recently, several urine-based bladder tumor markers (UBBTMs) that identify genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic, or protein alterations have been introduced, some of which have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to improve its diagnosis and surveillance. Several biomarkers have been found in the tissues and blood of individuals with BCa or predisposed to develop the disease, further enriching our information. EXPERT OPINION From a prevention perspective, alkaline Comet-FISH could be a valuable tool with broad potential for clinical application. Furthermore, a comet assay could be more beneficial for diagnosing and monitoring bladder cancer and determining individual susceptibility. Thus, we recommend further studies to understand the potential of this combined assay in the general population as a potential screening test and in patients initiated into the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko Benvenuti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna T Micale
- Regione Liguria, Department of Health and Social Services, Genoa, Italy
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Non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer by detecting telomerase activity in human urine using hybridization chain reaction and dynamic light scattering. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1065:90-97. [PMID: 31005155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystoscopy and histology are the gold standards for detection of bladder cancer. However, these methods are highly subjective, expensive, and invasive. We have developed a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of bladder cancer by detecting telomerase activity in human urine. Telomerase substrate (TS) primer is elongated with repeating sequences of (TTAGGG)n in the presence of telomerase. The elongated primer can trigger hybridization chain reaction between two hairpins H1 and H2, result in the aggregation of AuNPs due to the hybridization between the tail sequence on H1 (or H2) and DNA-AuNPs probe, and accompany with the increase of hydrodynamic diameter of AuNPs, which can be measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS). The biosensor displayed a detection limit of 4 MCF-7 cells (a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) and a dynamic range of 10-1000 cells. Moreover, only urine specimens from bladder cancer patients induced a significant change in the average hydrodynamic diameter, indicating its specificity for the non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Cavallo D, Casadio V, Bravaccini S, Iavicoli S, Pira E, Romano C, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Ciervo A, Buresti G, Zoli W, Calistri D. Assessment of DNA damage and telomerase activity in exfoliated urinary cells as sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of bladder cancer in ex-workers of a rubber tyres industry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:370907. [PMID: 24877087 PMCID: PMC4022006 DOI: 10.1155/2014/370907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers of early carcinogenic effect at target organ to use in biomonitoring studies of workers at risk for previous occupational exposure to potential carcinogens. Standard urine cytology (Papanicolaou staining test), comet assay, and quantitative telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay were performed in 159 ex-rubber workers employed in tyres production and 97 unexposed subjects. In TRAP positive cases, a second level analysis using FISH (Urovysion) was done. Cystoscopy results were available for 11 individuals whose 6 FISH/TRAP/comet positive showed in 3 cases a dysplastic condition confirmed by biopsy, 1 comet positive resulted in infiltrating UBC to the biopsy and with hyperplasia and slight dysplasia to the urinary cytology, 1 comet positive resulted in papillary superficial UBC to the biopsy, 1 FISH/TRAP positive showed a normal condition, and 2 TRAP positive showed in one case a phlogosis condition. The results evidenced good concordance of TRAP, comet, and FISH assays as early biomarkers of procarcinogenic effect confirmed by the dysplastic condition and UBC found by cystoscopy-biopsy analysis. The analysis of these markers in urine cells could be potentially more accurate than conventional cytology in monitoring workers exposed to mixture of bladder potential carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Pira
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Occupational Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Canzio Romano
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Occupational Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Wainer Zoli
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Daniele Calistri
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
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La Maestra S, Micale RT, De Flora S, D’Agostini F, Ganchev G, Iltcheva M, Petkov N, Steele VE, Balansky R. DNA damage in exfoliated cells and histopathological alterations in the urinary tract of mice exposed to cigarette smoke and treated with chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:183-9. [PMID: 23042096 PMCID: PMC3534192 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is convincingly carcinogenic in mice when exposure starts at birth. We investigated the induction and modulation of alterations in the kidney and urinary bladder of CS-exposed mice. A total of 484 strain H Swiss mice were either sham-exposed or exposed since birth to mainstream CS (MCS) for 4 months. Dietary agents, including myo-inositol, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, bexarotene, pioglitazone and a combination of bexarotene and pioglitazone, were administered after weaning. Comet analyses showed that, after 2 and 4 months, MCS causes DNA damage in exfoliated urothelial cells, which can be prevented by myo-inositol and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand pioglitazone. After 7 months, the 17.6% of MCS-exposed male mice exhibited lesions of the urinary tract versus the 6.1% of sham-exposed mice, which emphasizes the role of sex hormones in urinary tract carcinogenesis. Myo-inositol and the RXR-specific retinoid bexarotene did not affect these alterations. The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat) increased the incidence of kidney epithelium hyperplasia. Pioglitazone significantly enhanced the incidence of kidney lesions as compared with mice exposed to MCS only, indicating possible adverse effects of this antidiabetic drug, which were lost upon combination with bexarotene according to a combined chemoprevention strategy. RXR is a heterodymeric partner for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, thereby modulating the expression of multiple target genes. In conclusion, there is contrast between the ability of pioglitazone to inhibit DNA damage in exfoliated cells and the alterations induced in the urinary tract of MCS-exposed mice, suggesting the occurrence of non-genotoxic mechanisms for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano La Maestra
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna T. Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Agostini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria and
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Rondinone B, Iavicoli S. Evaluation of a suitable DNA damage biomarker for human biomonitoring of exposed workers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:781-90. [PMID: 19449396 DOI: 10.1002/em.20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify a sensitive and noninvasive biomarker of early genotoxic effects, for health risk assessment of workers exposed to mixtures of low doses of xenobiotics. We studied 30 workers exposed to antineoplastic drugs, 57 workers exposed to different mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (41 airport workers and 16 paving workers) and 76 controls. Comet and micronucleus (MN) tests were performed on lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells. The MN assay on lymphocytes did not show significant differences between exposed and controls, while the MN assay on exfoliated buccal cells showed higher values in workers exposed to antineoplastics as compared with controls (0.85 vs. 0.48, P = 0.042). The comet assay on lymphocytes showed a higher comet percentage value (18.11 vs. 11.24 in controls, P = 0.001) and mean tail moment (TM) value (21.84 vs. 16.72 in controls, P = 0.003) in individuals exposed to PAHs as compared with controls; no significant differences were found in exposed to antineoplastics. The comet assay on exfoliated buccal cells did not show significant differences between exposed and control groups for comet percentages, whereas the TM value was higher in workers exposed to PAHs (55.1 vs. 32.31 for controls, P < 0.001). These results show that exfoliated buccal cells, obtained by a noninvasive procedure, represent robust target cells to assess the occupational exposure to inhalable mixture of chemicals at low doses. The comet assay seems to be suitable to promptly evaluate the genotoxic effects of PAHs mixtures that also contain volatile substances. The MN test is suitable to evaluate the effects of antineoplastics. Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, ISPESL-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
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Guarrera S, Sacerdote C, Fiorini L, Marsala R, Polidoro S, Gamberini S, Saletta F, Malaveille C, Talaska G, Vineis P, Matullo G. Expression of DNA repair and metabolic genes in response to a flavonoid-rich diet. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:525-33. [PMID: 17445347 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507725151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A diet rich in fruit and vegetables can be effective in the reduction of oxidative stress, through the antioxidant effects of phytochemicals and other mechanisms. Protection against the carcinogenic effects of chemicals may also be exerted by an enhancement of detoxification and DNA damage repair mechanisms. To investigate a putative effect of flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, on the regulation of the gene expression of DNA repair and metabolic genes, a 1-month flavonoid-rich diet was administered to thirty healthy male smokers, nine of whom underwent gene expression analysis. We postulated that tobacco smoke is a powerful source of reactive oxygen species. The expression level of twelve genes (APEX, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC4, MGMT, OGG1, XPA, XPC, XRCC1, XRCC3, AHR, CYP1A1) was investigated. We found a significant increase (P < 0.001) in flavonoid intake. Urinary phenolic content and anti-mutagenicity did not significantly change after diet, nor was a correlation found between flavonoid intake and urinary phenolic levels or anti-mutagenicity. Phenolic levels showed a significant positive correlation with urinary anti-mutagenicity. AHR levels were significantly reduced after the diet (P = 0.038), whereas the other genes showed a generalized up regulation, significant for XRCC3 gene (P = 0.038). Also in the context of a generalized up regulation of DNA repair genes, we found a non-significant negative correlation between flavonoid intake and the expression of all the DNA repair genes. Larger studies are needed to clarify the possible effects of flavonoids in vivo; our preliminary results could help to better plan new studies on gene expression and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Guarrera
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Section of Life Sciences, viale Settimio Severo 65, Torino, Italy
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Fracasso ME, Doria D, Franceschetti P, Perbellini L, Romeo L. DNA damage and repair capacity by comet assay in lymphocytes of white-collar active smokers and passive smokers (non- and ex-smokers) at workplace. Toxicol Lett 2006; 167:131-41. [PMID: 17027201 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay has been widely used to quantify DNA damage in isolated lymphocytes from subjects exposed to several environmental or occupational substances, especially for estimation of oxidative damage in the DNA, which is well-known to be induced by tobacco smoke. Passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been included among those substances that cause cancer with sufficient evidence in humans. In this study, we analyzed, by the alkaline version of comet assay, the lymphocyte DNA damage of white-collar active smokers and non- and ex-smokers exposed to ETS at the workplace. We investigated basal DNA damage, DNA oxidation by formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg), the repair capacity H2O2-induced DNA damage by kinetics studies and lymphocyte GSH levels, the major intracellular defense against exogenous oxidative stress imposed by cigarette smoking. Our results indicated high basal DNA damage with clear significant correlations with urinary nicotine and cotinine, number of cigarettes/day, and an inverse significant correlation with GSH cellular content in active smokers. Significant Fpg-sensitive sites were found in smokers (> 85%), considerably high but not significant in passive non- and ex-smokers (> 51% and 37%, respectively). The DNA repair capacity had seriously decreased in non-smokers > smokers > ex-smokers, while the same damage was repaired in a short time in never smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Enrica Fracasso
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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