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Mattie DR, Wong BA, Mumy KL, McInturf SM, Shafer LM, Allen R, Edwards JT, Sibomana I, Sterner TR. Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene developed under an international agreement with Sweden. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:263-282. [PMID: 36883736 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2186295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (SKA) fuels are produced by dehydration and refining of alcohol feed stocks. ATJ SKA fuel known as SB-8 was developed by Swedish Biofuels as a cooperative agreement between Sweden and AFRL/RQTF. SB-8 including standard additives was tested in a 90-day toxicity study with male and female Fischer 344 rats exposed to 0, 200, 700, or 2000 mg/m3 fuel in an aerosol/vapor mixture for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week. Aerosols represented 0.04 and 0.84% average fuel concentration in 700 or 2000 mg/m3 exposure groups. Examination of vaginal cytology and sperm parameters found no marked changes in reproductive health. Neurobehavioral effects were increased rearing activity (motor activity) and significantly decreased grooming (functional observational battery) in 2000 mg/m3 female rats. Hematological changes were limited to elevated platelet counts in 2000 mg/m3 exposed males. Minimal focal alveolar epithelial hyperplasia with increased number of alveolar macrophages was noted in some 2000 mg/m3 males and one female rat. Additional rats tested for genotoxicity by micronucleus (MN) formation did not detect bone marrow cell toxicity or alterations in number of MN; SB-8 was not clastogenic. Inhalation results were similar to effects reported for JP-8. Both JP-8 and SB fuels were moderately irritating under occlusive wrapped conditions but slightly irritating under semi-occlusion. Exposure to SB-8, alone or as 50:50 blend with petroleum-derived JP-8, is not likely to enhance adverse human health risks in the military workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - B A Wong
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - K L Mumy
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - S M McInturf
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - L M Shafer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQTF), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - R Allen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQTF), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - J T Edwards
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQTF), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - I Sibomana
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - T R Sterner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
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Mattie DR, Wong BA, Mumy KL, McInturf SM, Grimm MD, Gargas NM, Shafer LM, Striebich RC, Sterner TR. Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:687-701. [PMID: 32886055 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1813668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A toxicological investigation was conducted for alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuels intended as a 50:50 blend with petroleum-derived fuel Jet Propulsion (JP)-8. The ATJ synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) fuel was produced by Gevo (Englewood CO) and derived either from biomass (bio) or non-biomass sources. All toxicity tests were performed with one or both ATJ fuels following addition of a standard additive package required for JP-8. The primary fuel, Gevo (bio) ATJ SPK produced from biomass-derived iso-butanol, exhibited the same dermal irritation potential in rabbits as JP-8; the non-biomass-derived fuel was less irritating. The Gevo (bio) fuel was non-clastogenic in micronucleus testing with rats and neither version was mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. A 90-day study was performed with Gevo (bio) ATJ SPK by exposing male and female Fischer 344 rats to target concentrations of 0, 200, 700 or 2000 mg/m3 of fuel, 6 hr per day, 5 days a week for 69 exposure days and included neurobehavioral assays and reproductive health evaluations in the study design. Results were negative or limited to irritant effects in the respiratory system due to exposure to a vapor and aerosol mixture in the 2000 mg/m3 exposure group. Occupational exposure limits for JP-8 were proposed for these ATJ fuels since these fuels display similar or somewhat lower toxicity than JP-8. As both versions of the Gevo ATJ jet fuel were similar, handling of either fuel alone or in a blend with petroleum-derived JP-8 appears unlikely to increase human health risks for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate (711 HPW/RH) , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Brian A Wong
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - Karen L Mumy
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - Shawn M McInturf
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - Michael D Grimm
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- Battelle , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathan M Gargas
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Wright-Patterson FB, OH, USA
| | - Linda M Shafer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQTF) , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- University of Dayton Research Institute , Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Richard C Striebich
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQTF) , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
- University of Dayton Research Institute , Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Teresa R Sterner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate (711 HPW/RH) , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Wright-Patterson FB, OH, USA
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Mattie DR, Sterner TR, Reddy G, Steup DR, Zeiger E, Wagner DJ, Kurtz K, Daughtrey WC, Wong BA, Dodd DE, Edwards JT, Hinz JP. Toxicity and occupational exposure assessment for Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:774-791. [PMID: 29985787 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1490675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) jet fuel is a synthetic organic mixture intended to augment petroleum-derived JP-8 jet fuel use by the U.S. armed forces. The FT SPK testing program goal was to develop a comparative toxicity database with petroleum-derived jet fuels that may be used to calculate an occupational exposure limit (OEL). Toxicity investigations included the dermal irritation test (FT vs. JP-8 vs. 50:50 blend), 2 in vitro genotoxicity tests, acute inhalation study, short-term (2-week) inhalation range finder study with measurement of bone marrow micronuclei, 90-day inhalation toxicity, and sensory irritation assay. Dermal irritation was slight to moderate. All genotoxicity studies were negative. An acute inhalation study with F344 rats exposed at 2000 mg/m3 for 4 hr resulted in no abnormal clinical observations. Based on a 2-week range-finder, F344 rats were exposed for 6 hr per day, 5 days per week, for 90 days to an aerosol-vapor mixture of FT SPK jet fuel (0, 200, 700 or 2000 mg/m3). Effects on the nasal cavities were minimal (700 mg/m3) to mild (2000 mg/m3); only high exposure produced multifocal inflammatory cell infiltration in rat lungs (both genders). The RD50 (50% respiratory rate depression) value for the sensory irritation assay, calculated to be 10,939 mg/m3, indicated the FT SPK fuel is less irritating than JP-8. Based upon the proposed use as a 50:50 blend with JP-8, a FT SPK jet fuel OEL is recommended at 200 mg/m3 vapor and 5 mg/m3 aerosol, in concurrence with the current JP-8 OEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mattie
- a Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Human Centered ISR Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate (711 HPW/RHXJ), Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB OH
| | - Teresa R Sterner
- b Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF) , Wright-Patterson AFB , OH , U.S.A
| | - Gunda Reddy
- c U.S. Army Public Health Center , Aberdeen Proving Grounds , MD , U.S.A
| | | | - Errol Zeiger
- e Errol Zeiger Consulting , Chapel Hill , NC , U.S.A
| | - Dean J Wagner
- f Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson AFB OH
| | - Katherine Kurtz
- g Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center , Portsmouth , VA , U.S.A
| | | | - Brian A Wong
- f Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson AFB OH
| | - Darol E Dodd
- i Charles River Laboratories , Spencerville , OH , U.S.A
| | - James T Edwards
- j Fuels and Energy Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB , OH , U.S.A
| | - John P Hinz
- k U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Wright-Patterson AFB , OH , U.S.A
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Kataria SK, Chhillar AK, Kumar A, Tomar M, Malik V. Cytogenetic and hematological alterations induced by acute oral exposure of imidacloprid in female mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:59-65. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1026972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mckee RH, Adenuga MD, Carrillo JC. Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:273-365. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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McKee RH, White R. The mammalian toxicological hazards of petroleum-derived substances: an overview of the petroleum industry response to the high production volume challenge program. Int J Toxicol 2013; 33:4S-16S. [PMID: 24351873 DOI: 10.1177/1091581813514024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum-derived substances are complex and composed of aliphatic (normal-, iso-, and cycloparaffins), olefinic, and/or aromatic constituents. Approximately 400 of these complex substances were evaluated as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency voluntary High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge program. The substances were separated into 13 groups (categories), and all available data were assessed. Toxicology testing was conducted as necessary to fully address the end points encompassed by the HPV initiative. In a broad sense, volatile hydrocarbons may cause acute central nervous system effects, and those that are liquids at room temperature pose aspiration hazards if taken into the lungs as liquids and may also cause skin irritation. Higher boiling substances may contain polycyclic aromatic constituents (PACs) that can be mutagenic and carcinogenic and may also cause developmental effects. Substances containing PACs can also cause target organ and developmental effects. The effects of aliphatic constituents include liver enlargement and/or renal effects in male rats via an α-2u-globulin-mediated process and, in some cases, small but statistically significant reductions in hematological parameters. Crude oils may contain other constituents, particularly sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, which are removed during refining. Aside from these more generic considerations, some specific petroleum substances may contain unusually toxic constituents including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and/or n-hexane, which should also be taken into account if present at toxicologically relevant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H McKee
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc, 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA.
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Krieg EF, Mathias PI, Toennis CA, Clark JC, Marlow KL, B’Hymer C, Singh NP, Gibson RL, Butler MA. Detection of DNA damage in workers exposed to JP-8 jet fuel. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:218-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Erdem O, Sayal A, Eken A, Akay C, Aydın A. Evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects in workers exposed to jet propulsion fuel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 85:353-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mattie DR, Sterner TR. Past, present and emerging toxicity issues for jet fuel. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Senedese JM, Rodrigues AR, Furtado MA, Faustino VD, Berretta AA, Marchetti JM, Tavares DC. Assessment of the mutagenic activity of extracts of brazilian propolis in topical pharmaceutical formulations on Mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:315701. [PMID: 18955353 PMCID: PMC3135258 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Propolis possesses various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic and antioxidant properties. A topically applied product based on Brazilian green propolis was developed for the treatment of burns. For such substance to be used more safely in future clinical applications, the present study evaluated the mutagenic potential of topical formulations supplemented with green propolis extract (1.2, 2.4 and 3.6%) based on the analysis of chromosomal aberrations and of micronuclei. In the in vitro studies, 3-h pulse (G1 phase of the cell cycle) and continuous (20 h) treatments were performed. In the in vivo assessment, the animals were injured on the back and then submitted to acute (24 h), subacute (7 days) and subchronic (30 days) treatments consisting of daily dermal applications of gels containing different concentrations of propolis. Similar frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were observed for cultures submitted to 3-h pulse and continuous treatment with gels containing different propolis concentrations and cultures not submitted to any treatment. However, in the continuous treatment cultures treated with the 3.6% propolis gel presented significantly lower mitotic indices than the negative control. No statistically significant differences in the frequencies of micronuclei were observed between animals treated with gels containing different concentrations of propolis and the negative control for the three treatment times. Under the present conditions, topical formulations containing different concentrations of green propolis used for the treatment of burns showed no mutagenic effect in either test system, but 3.6% propolis gel was found to be cytotoxic in the in vitro test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Marques Senedese
- Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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Serpeloni JM, Grotto D, Mercadante AZ, de Lourdes Pires Bianchi M, Antunes LMG. Lutein improves antioxidant defense in vivo and protects against DNA damage and chromosome instability induced by cisplatin. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:811-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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da Silva CJ, dos Santos JE, Satie Takahashi C. An evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the anti-obesity drugs sibutramine and fenproporex. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:187-97. [PMID: 20051455 DOI: 10.1177/0960327109358732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-obesity medications deserve special considerations at the present time due to an increasing number of overweight and obese people who require these therapeutic alternatives. Obesity is positively associated with several chronic illnesses, including cancer. In this work, we evaluated the possible genotoxic and/or cytotoxic actions of two drugs, sibutramine and fenproporex, in the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw), administered intraperitoneally in male Swiss mice. The genotoxic effect was analyzed by comet assay and micronucleus test. We found that both drugs increased the frequency of genotoxic damage in Swiss mice, but did not present cytotoxic activities towards the polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano José da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Merrill EA, Gearhart JM, Sterner TR, Robinson PJ. Improved Predictive Model forn-Decane Kinetics Across Species, as a Component of Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:851-63. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370801949159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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