1
|
Szilágyi Z, Pintér B, Szabó E, Kubinyi G, Le Drean Y, Thuróczy G. Investigation of genotoxicity induced by intermediate frequency magnetic field combined with ionizing radiation: In vitro study on human fibroblast cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 899:503817. [PMID: 39326937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
These days, exposure to electromagnetic fields has become omnipresent in modern society. Not only the extremely-low frequency and radiofrequency, but also intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field (MF) might be absorbed in the human body resulting in an ever-growing concern about their possible health effects. Devices, such as induction cooktops, chargers, compact fluorescent lamps, touchscreens and electric vehicles emit a wide range of intermediate frequency fields. We investigated the effects of 22 kHz or 250 kHz intermediate frequency magnetic field exposure on the human skin cells. We also examined the adaptive response phenomenon; whether IF MF exposure could possibly reduce the harmful genotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. To get answers to these questions, in vitro studies were carried out on fibroblast cells to investigate the effects on oxidative stress, DNA damage and micronucleus formation. We found a decreased micronucleus formation due to the 22 kHz IF MF exposure and significantly increased oxidative stress in fibroblast cells, which were exposed only to 250 kHz IF MF. We were unable to detect the protective or co-genotoxic effects of intermediate frequency magnetic field exposure combined with ionizing radiation, thus we found no evidence for the adaptive response phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szilágyi
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Pintér
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| | - Erika Szabó
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Kubinyi
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| | - Yves Le Drean
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes I, 2 Rue du Thabor, Rennes 35000, France
| | - György Thuróczy
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Askaripour K, Żak A. A systematic review on cellular responses of Escherichia coli to nonthermal electromagnetic irradiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:16-29. [PMID: 37807247 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of Escherichia coli under electromagnetic fields is of significance in human studies owing to its short doubling time and human-like DNA mechanisms. The present review aims to systematically evaluate the literature to conclude causality between 0 and 300 GHz electromagnetic fields and biological effects in E. coli. To that end, the OHAT methodology and risk of bias tool were employed. Exponentially growing cells exposed for over 30 min at temperatures up to3 7 ∘ C $3{7}^{\circ }\,{\rm{C}}$ with fluctuations below1 ∘ C ${1}^{\circ }\,{\rm{C}}$ were included from the Web-of-Knowledge, PubMed, or EMF-Portal databases. Out of 904 records identified, 25 articles satisfied the selection criteria, with four excluded during internal validation. These articles examined cell growth (11 studies), morphology (three studies), and gene regulation (11 studies). Most experiments (85%) in the included studies focused on the extremely low-frequency (ELF) range, with 60% specifically at 50 Hz. Changes in growth rate were observed in 74% of ELF experiments and 71% of radio frequency (RF) experiments. Additionally, 80% of ELF experiments showed morphology changes, while gene expression changes were seen in 33% (ELF) and 50% (RF) experiments. Due to the limited number of studies, especially in the intermediate frequency and RF ranges, establishing correlations between EMF exposure and biological effects on E. coli is not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Askaripour
- Department of Biomechatronics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Pomorskie, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Żak
- Department of Biomechatronics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Pomorskie, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
No evidence for genotoxicity in mice due to exposure to intermediate-frequency magnetic fields used for wireless power-transfer systems. Mutat Res 2021; 863-864:503310. [PMID: 33678242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Time varying magnetic fields (MFs) are used for the wireless power-transfer (WPT) technology. Especially, 85 kHz band MFs, which are included in the intermediate frequency (IF) band (300 Hz - 10 MHz), are commonly used WPT system for charging electric vehicles. Those applications of WPT technology have elicited public concern about health effects of IF-MF. However, existing data from health risk assessments are insufficient and additional data are needed. We assessed the genotoxic effects of IF-MF exposure on erythroid differentiation in mice. A high-intensity IF-MF mouse exposure system was constructed to induce an average whole-body electric field of 54.1 V/m. Blood samples were obtained from male mice before and after a 2-week IF-MF exposure (1 h/day, total: 10 h); X-irradiated mice were used as positive controls. We analyzed the blood samples with the micronucleus (MN) test and the Pig-a mutation assay. No significant differences were seen between IF-MF-exposed and sham-exposed mice in the frequencies of either MN or Pig-a mutations in mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes. IF-MF exposure did not induce genotoxicity in vivo under the study conditions (2.36× the basic restriction for occupational exposure, 22.9 V/m, in the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines). The absence of significant biological effects due to IF-MF exposure supports the practical application of this technology.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohtani S, Ushiyama A, Maeda M, Wada K, Suzuki Y, Hattori K, Kunugita N, Ishii K. Global Analysis of Transcriptional Expression in Mice Exposed to Intermediate Frequency Magnetic Fields Utilized for Wireless Power Transfer Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101851. [PMID: 31130593 PMCID: PMC6572459 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermediate frequency magnetic fields (IF-MFs) at around 85 kHz are a component of wireless power transfer systems used for charging electrical vehicles. However, limited data exist on the potential health effects of IF-MFs. We performed a comprehensive analysis of transcriptional expression in mice after IF-MF exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed an IF-MF exposure system to generate a high magnetic flux density (25.3 mT). The system can expose the IF-MF for a mouse whole-body without considering thermal effects. After 10 days (1 h/day) of exposure, a comprehensive expression analysis was performed using microarray data from both the brain and liver. RESULTS No significant differences in transcriptional expression were detected in the 35,240 probe-sets when controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) under a fold change cutoff >1.5. However, several differential expressions were detected without FDR-adjustment, but these were not confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to evaluate the biological effects of IF-MF exposure with an intense magnetic flux density 253 times higher than the occupational restriction level defined by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines. However, our findings indicate that transcriptional responses in the living body are not affected under these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ohtani
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Machiko Maeda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Keiji Wada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yukihisa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hattori
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bodewein L, Schmiedchen K, Dechent D, Stunder D, Graefrath D, Winter L, Kraus T, Driessen S. Systematic review on the biological effects of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range (300 Hz to 1 MHz). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:247-259. [PMID: 30690271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many novel technologies, including induction cookers or wireless power transfer, produce electric fields (EF), magnetic fields (MF) or electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range. The effects of such fields on biological systems, however, have been poorly investigated. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an update of the state of research and to evaluate the potential for adverse effects of EF, MF and EMF in the IF range (300 Hz to 1 MHz) on biological systems. METHODS The review was prepared in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Methodical limitations in individual studies were assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. RESULTS Fifty-six studies exposing humans, animals or in vitro systems were eligible for this review. In these studies, many different endpoints were examined and most of the findings were obtained in studies with exposure to MF. For most endpoints, however, the reviewed studies yielded inconsistent results, with some studies indicating no effect and some linking IF exposure with adverse effects. In the majority of the included studies, the applied field strengths were above the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels for the general public and the applied frequencies were mainly below 100 kHz. Furthermore, many of the reviewed studies suffered from methodical limitations which lowered the credibility of the reported results. CONCLUSION Due to the large heterogeneity in study designs, endpoints and exposed systems, as well as the inconsistent results and methodical limitations in many studies, the quality of evidence for adverse effects remains inadequate for drawing a conclusion on investigated biological effects of IF fields for most endpoints. We recommend that in future studies, effects of EF, MF and EMF in the IF range should be investigated more systematically, i.e., studies should consider various frequencies to identify potential frequency-dependent effects and apply different field strengths, especially if threshold-dependent effects are expected. Priority should be given to the investigation of acute effects, like induction of phosphenes, perception, excitation of nerves or muscles and thermal effects. This would be an important step towards the validation of the reference levels recommended by ICNIRP. Furthermore, we recommend that any new studies aim at implementing high quality dosimetry and minimizing sources of risk of bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Bodewein
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristina Schmiedchen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Dechent
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Stunder
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - David Graefrath
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lukas Winter
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Driessen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herrala M, Kumari K, Koivisto H, Luukkonen J, Tanila H, Naarala J, Juutilainen J. Genotoxicity of intermediate frequency magnetic fields in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:759-769. [PMID: 30243651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed genotoxic effects of intermediate frequency magnetic fields (MF) in vitro and in vivo. Rat primary astrocytes were exposed for 24 h to a 7.5 kHz MF at a magnetic flux density of 30 or 300 µT. Male C57BL/6 J mice were exposed continuously for 5 weeks to a 7.5 kHz MF at 12 or 120 μT, and blood samples were collected for the genotoxicity assays. To evaluate possible co-genotoxicity, the in vitro experiments included combined exposure with menadione (an agent that induces mitochondrial superoxide production and DNA damage) and methyl methanesulfonate (an alkylating agent). DNA damage and DNA repair (in vitro) were measured using the alkaline Comet assay and formation of micronuclei was assessed microscopically (in vivo) or using flow cytometry (in vitro). The results did not support genotoxicity or co-genotoxicity of 7.5 kHz MFs at magnetic flux densities up to 300 µT in vitro or in vivo. On the contrary, there was some evidence that exposure to 7.5 kHz MFs might reduce the level of genetic damage. Strongest indication of any biological effects was obtained from measurements of relative cell number, which was significantly and consistently increased after MF exposure in all in vitro experiments. Health implications of this finding are unclear, but it suggests that 7.5 kHz MFs may stimulate cell proliferation or suppress cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Herrala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kajal Kumari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoshie S, Ogasawara Y, Ikehata M, Ishii K, Suzuki Y, Wada K, Wake K, Nakasono S, Taki M, Ohkubo C. Evaluation of biological effects of intermediate frequency magnetic field on differentiation of embryonic stem cell. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:135-140. [PMID: 28959531 PMCID: PMC5615788 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryotoxic effect of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field (MF) was evaluated using murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and fibroblast cells based on the embryonic stem cell test (EST). The cells were exposed to 21 kHz IF-MF up to magnetic flux density of 3.9 mT during the cell proliferation process (7 days) or the cell differentiation process (10 days) during which an embryonic body differentiated into myocardial cells. As a result, there was no significant difference in the cell proliferation between sham- and IF-MF-exposed cells for both ES and fibroblast cells. Similarly, the ratio of the number of ES-derived cell aggregates differentiated to myocardial cells to total number of cell aggregates was not changed by IF-MF exposure. In addition, the expressions of a cardiomyocytes-specific gene, Myl2, and an early developmental gene, Hba-x, in the exposed cell aggregate were not altered. Since the magnetic flux density adopted in this study is much higher than that generated by an inverter of the electrical railway, an induction heating (IH) cooktop, etc. in our daily lives, these results suggested that IF-MF in which the public is exposed to in general living environment would not have embryotoxic effect.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- Differentiation
- EB, embryonic body
- ELF, extremely low frequency
- EMF, electromagnetic field
- ES, embryonic stem
- EST, embryonic stem cell test
- Embryonic stem cell
- Gene expression
- ICNIRP, International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
- IF, intermediate frequency
- IH, induction heating
- Intermediate frequency magnetic field
- MF, magnetic field
- RF, radiofrequency
- WHO, World Health Organization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yoshie
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Human Science Division, Railway Technical Research Institute, 2-8-38, Hikari-cho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8540, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Hygienic Chemistry, Health and Environmental Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Masateru Ikehata
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Human Science Division, Railway Technical Research Institute, 2-8-38, Hikari-cho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Hygienic Chemistry, Health and Environmental Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Suzuki
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakasono
- EMF Environment Sector, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Masao Taki
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Chiyoji Ohkubo
- Japan EMF Information Center, 2-9-11 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in Human Fibroblast Cells under Magnetic Resonant Coupling Wireless Power Transfer. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en81012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
9
|
Ushiyama A, Ohtani S, Suzuki Y, Wada K, Kunugita N, Ohkubo C. Effects of 21-kHz intermediate frequency magnetic fields on blood properties and immune systems of juvenile rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:1211-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.930538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
Effect of an intermediate-frequency magnetic field of 23 kHz at 2 mT on chemotaxis and phagocytosis in neutrophil-like differentiated human HL-60 cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9649-59. [PMID: 25233011 PMCID: PMC4199041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Public concerns about potential health risks of intermediate-frequency (IF) electromagnetic fields are increasing, especially as the use of induction-heating cooktops has spread extensively in Japan and Europe. In order to investigate the properties of IF electromagnetic fields, we examined the effect of exposure to a 23-kHz IF magnetic field of 2 mT for 2, 3, or 4 h on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis using differentiated human HL-60 cells. Compared with sham exposure, exposure to the IF magnetic field had no effect on neutrophil chemotaxis or phagocytosis. Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to a 23-kHz IF magnetic field of 2 mT (about 74-times the maximum value recommended by the International Commission for Nonionizing Radiation Protection guidelines) may affect the first-line immune responses in humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of IF magnetic fields on cellular immune responses. We found that exposure to an IF magnetic field of 2 mT has minimal if any effect on either the chemotaxis or phagocytic activity of neutrophil-like human HL-60 cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi D, Zhu C, Lu R, Mao S, Qi Y. Intermediate frequency magnetic field generated by a wireless power transmission device does not cause genotoxicity in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:512-8. [PMID: 25196478 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of intermediate frequency magnetic fields (IFMF) generated by a wireless power transmission (WPT) based on magnetic resonance from the perspective of cellular genotoxicity on cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). We evaluated the effects of exposure to 90 kHz magnetic fields at 93.36 µT on cellular genotoxicity in vitro for 2 and 4 h. The magnetic flux density is approximately 3.5 times higher than the reference level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. For assessment of genotoxicity, we studied cellular proliferation, apoptosis and DNA damage by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry analysis, alkaline comet assay and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation test. We did not detect any effect of a 90 kHz IFMF generated by WPT based on magnetic resonance on cell proliferation, apoptosis, comet assay, and γH2AX foci formation test. Our results indicated that exposure to 90 kHz IFMF generated by WPT based on magnetic resonance at 93.36 µT for 2 and 4 h does not cause detectable cellular genotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sakurai T, Narita E, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. Alteration of gene expression by exposure to a magnetic field at 23 kHz is not detected in astroglia cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:1005-1009. [PMID: 23722077 PMCID: PMC3823784 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of induction heating (IH) cooktops has roused public concern in Japan and Europe regarding potential health effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to a magnetic field at 23 kHz (which is the maximum output power frequency of most IH cooktops) on gene expression in a human-fetus-derived astroglia cell line, SVGp12. The cells were exposed to the magnetic field at 2 mTrms [which is approximately 74 times higher than the reference level in the most recent International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines], for 2, 4 and 6 h, using a previously reported exposure system. Gene expression was evaluated using an Agilent cDNA microarray. We did not detect any significant effects of the magnetic field on the gene expression profile. On the contrary, heat treatment at 43°C for 2 h used as a positive control significantly affected gene expression, including inducing heat shock proteins, which indicated that our protocol for microarray analysis was appropriate. From these results, we conclude that exposure of human-fetus-derived astroglia cells to an intermediate-frequency magnetic field at 23 kHz and 2 mTrms for up to 6 h does not induce detectable alteration of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junji Miyakoshi
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan. Tel/Fax: +81-774-38-3872; Email;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
López-Díaz B, Mercado-Sáenz S, Martínez-Morillo M, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. Long-term exposure to a pulsed magnetic field (1.5 mT, 25 Hz) increases genomic DNA spontaneous degradation. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:228-35. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.802245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Díaz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Silvia Mercado-Sáenz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Morillo
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Francisco Sendra-Portero
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Miguel J. Ruiz-Gómez
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sakurai T, Narita E, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. Intermediate frequency magnetic field at 23 kHz does not modify gene expression in human fetus-derived astroglia cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Yang Y, Li L, Wang YG, Fei Z, Zhong J, Wei LZ, Long QF, Liu WP. Acute neuroprotective effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 516:15-20. [PMID: 22484017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury commonly has a result of a short window of opportunity between the period of initial brain injury and secondary brain injury, which provides protective strategies and can reduce damages of brain due to secondary brain injury. Previous studies have reported neuroprotective effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. However, the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on neural damage after traumatic brain injury have not been reported yet. The present study aims to investigate effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the model of lateral fluid percussion injury, which were placed in non-electromagnetic fields and 15 Hz (Hertz) electromagnetic fields with intensities of 1 G (Gauss), 3 G and 5 G. At various time points (ranging from 0.5 to 30 h) after lateral fluid percussion injury, rats were treated with kainic acid (administered by intraperitoneal injection) to induce apoptosis in hippocampal cells. The results were as follows: (1) the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was dramatically decreased during the neuroprotective time window. (2) The kainic acid-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus was significantly decreased in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields. (3) Electromagnetic fields exposure shortened the escape time in water maze test. (4) Electromagnetic fields exposure accelerated the recovery of the blood-brain barrier after brain injury. These findings revealed that extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields significantly prolong the window of opportunity for brain protection and enhance the intensity of neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ruiz-Gómez MJ, Sendra-Portero F, Martínez-Morillo M. Effect of 2.45 mT sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains deficient in DNA strand breaks repair. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:602-11. [PMID: 20545572 DOI: 10.3109/09553001003734519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether extremely-low frequency magnetic field (MF) exposure produce alterations in the growth, cell cycle, survival and DNA damage of wild type (wt) and mutant yeast strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS wt and high affinity DNA binding factor 1 (hdf1), radiation sensitive 52 (rad52), rad52 hdf1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were exposed to 2.45 mT, sinusoidal 50 Hz MF for 96 h. MF was generated by a pair of Helmholtz coils. During this time the growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm and cell cycle evolution were analysed by microscopic morphological analysis. Then, yeast survival was assayed by the drop test and DNA was extracted and electrophoresed. RESULTS A significant increase in the growth was observed for rad52 strain (P = 0.005, Analysis of Variance [ANOVA]) and close to significance for rad52 hdf1 strain (P = 0.069, ANOVA). In addition, the surviving fraction values obtained for MF-exposed samples were in all cases less than for the controls, being the P value obtained for the whole set of MF-treated strains close to significance (P = 0.066, Student's t-test). In contrast, the cell cycle evolution and the DNA pattern obtained for wt and the mutant strains were not altered after exposure to MF. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in the current report show that the applied MF (2.45 mT, sinusoidal 50 Hz, 96 h) induces alterations in the growth and survival of S. cerevisiae strains deficient in DNA strand breaks repair. In contrast, the MF treatment does not induce alterations in the cell cycle and does not cause DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Ruiz-Gómez
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujita A, Kawahara Y, Inoue S, Omori H. Development of a higher power intermediate-frequency magnetic field exposure system for in vitro studies. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 31:156-63. [PMID: 19764056 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In a previous article we developed an in vitro 23 kHz magnetic field (MF) exposure system that generated an MF of 532 microT(rms). Using this system, the biological effects of 23 kHz MFs on cell functions have been reported. To further clarify the biological effect of intermediate-frequency (IF) MFs and investigate the dose-response relationship in cell lines, an exposure system that generates stronger MFs is required. To meet this requirement, we developed a 6.25 mT(rms) MF exposure system for in vitro study. This level is 1000 times the reference level for the general public in the ICNIRP guidelines. This system provides an MF of 6.25 mT(rms) at 23 kHz with a uniformity within +/-5%. To verify that in vitro experimental conditions are maintained, we examined the temperature, environmental MF, and MF leakage for a sham exposure system. In addition, we examined the harmonics, coil shape, and heat generated in the medium by the high-strength MF. As a result, it was confirmed that this system can be used to evaluate the biological effects of IF MFs. This article presents the design and successful construction of the in vitro exposure system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujita
- Core Technology Development Center, Corporate Engineering Division, Home Appliances Company, Panasonic Corporation, 2-3-1-2 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu-city, Shiga, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sakurai T, Kiyokawa T, Kikuchi K, Miyakoshi J. Intermediate frequency magnetic fields generated by an induction heating (IH) cooktop do not affect genotoxicities and expression of heat shock proteins. Int J Radiat Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000903184358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|