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Amar SK, Goyal S, Srivastav AK, Chopra D, Ray RS. Combined effect of Benzophenone-2 and ultraviolet radiation promote photogenotoxicity and photocytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abo-Zeid MA, Abo-Elfadl MT, Mostafa SM. Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid triggered DNA damage of adenocarcinoma breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:351-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Branica G, Mladinić M, Omanović D, Želježić D. An alternative approach to studying the effects of ZnO nanoparticles in cultured human lymphocytes: combining electrochemistry and genotoxicity tests. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 67:277-288. [PMID: 28033099 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle use has increased radically raising concern about possible adverse effects in humans. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most common nanomaterials in consumer and medical products. Several studies indicate problems with their safe use. The aim of our study was to see at which levels ZnO NPs start to produce adverse cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes as an early attempt toward establishing safety limits for ZnO NP exposure in humans. We assessed the genotoxic effects of low ZnO NP concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg mL-1) in lymphocyte cultures over 14 days of exposure. We also tested whether low and high-density lymphocytes differed in their ability to accumulate ZnO NPs in these experimental conditions. Primary DNA damage (measured with the alkaline comet assay) increased with nanoparticle concentration in unseparated and high density lymphocytes. The same happened with the fragmentation of TP53 (measured with the comet-FISH). Nanoparticle accumulation was significant only with the two highest concentrations, regardless of lymphocyte density. High-density lymphocytes had significantly more intracellular Zn2+ than light-density ones. Our results suggest that exposure to ZnO NPs in concentrations above 5 μg mL-1 increases cytogenetic damage and intracellular Zn2+ levels in lymphocytes.
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Effect of particle size and dispersion status on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of zinc oxide in human bronchial epithelial cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 805:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Goyal S, Amar SK, Srivastav AK, Chopra D, Pal MK, Arjaria N, Ray RS. ROS mediated crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria by Phloxine B under environmental UV irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:284-94. [PMID: 27288659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phloxine B (PhB) is a most commonly used dye in cosmetic products throughout the world. It shows an absorption in visible and ultraviolet radiations. PhB was photodegraded within 4h of UV exposure. It generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) photochemically and intracellularly. Photosensitized PhB caused dose dependent cell viability reduction of human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) which was measured through MTT (75.4%) and NRU (77.3%) assays. It also induces cell cycle arrest and DNA damage. Photosensitized PhB induces Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It causes the upregulation of ER stress marker genes ATF6 (1.79 fold) and CHOP (1.93 fold) at transcription levels. The similar response of ATF6 (3.6 fold) and CHOP (2.38 fold) proteins was recorded at translation levels. CHOP targeted the mitochondria and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential analyzed through JC-1 staining. It further increases Bax/Bcl2 ratio (3.58 fold) and promotes the release of cytochrome c, finally leads to caspase-dependent apoptosis. Upregulation of APAF1 (1.79 fold) in PhB treated cells under UV B exposure supports the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic cell death. The results support the involvement of ER and mitochondria in ROS mediated PhB phototoxicity. Therefore, the use of PhB in cosmetic products may be deleterious to users during sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Goyal
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - IITR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Amar
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - IITR, Lucknow 226001, India; Division of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar Srivastav
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar Pal
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Arjaria
- Central Instrumentation Facility (TEM), CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - IITR, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Srivastav AK, Mujtaba SF, Dwivedi A, Amar SK, Goyal S, Verma A, Kushwaha HN, Chaturvedi RK, Ray RS. Photosensitized rose Bengal-induced phototoxicity on human melanoma cell line under natural sunlight exposure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 156:87-99. [PMID: 26866294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) is an anionic water-soluble xanthene dye, which used for many years to assess eye cornea and conjunctiva damage. RB showed strong absorption maxima (λmax) under visible light followed by UV-B and UV-A. RB under sunlight exposure showed a time-dependent photodegradation. Our results show that photosensitized RB generates (1)O2 via Type-II photodynamic pathway and induced DNA damage under sunlight/UV-R exposure. 2'dGuO degradation, micronuclei formation, and single- and double-strand breakage were the outcome of photogenotoxicity caused by RB. Quenching studies with NaN3 advocate the involvement of (1)O2 in RB photogenotoxicity. RB induced linoleic acid photoperoxidation, which was parallel to (1)O2-mediated DNA damage. Oxidative stress in A375 cell line (human melanoma cell line) was detected through DCF-DA assay. Photosensitized RB decreased maximum cellular viability under sunlight followed by UV-B and UV-A exposures. Apoptosis was detected as a pattern of cell death through the increased of caspase-3 activity, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and PS translocation through inner to outer plasma membrane. Increased cytosolic levels of Bax also advocate the apoptotic cell death. We propose a p53-mediated apoptosis via increased expression of Bax gene and protein. Thus, the exact mechanism behind RB phototoxicity was the involvement of (1)O2, which induced oxidative stress-mediated DNA and membrane damage, finally apoptotic cell death under natural sunlight exposure. The study suggests that after the use of RB, sunlight exposure may avoid to prevent from its harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet K Srivastav
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Faiz Mujtaba
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Dwivedi
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saroj K Amar
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Goyal
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Verma
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari N Kushwaha
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Amar SK, Goyal S, Dubey D, Srivastav AK, Chopra D, Singh J, Shankar J, Chaturvedi RK, Ray RS. Benzophenone 1 induced photogenotoxicity and apoptosis via release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO at environmental UV radiation. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:182-93. [PMID: 26440554 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Solar UV radiation is main factor of photocarcinogenesis, photoageing, and phototoxicity; thus, protection from UV radiation is major concern. Sunscreens containing UV filters are suggested as sun safe practices, but safety of UV filters remains in controversies. Benzophenone-1 (BP1) is commonly used in sunscreens as UV blocker. We assessed the photogenotoxicity and apoptotic parameters in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) by western blot, immunocytochemistry, flowcytometry, comet assay and TEM imaging. Our results exposed that BP1 photosensitized and generated intracellular ROS (2.02 folds) under sunlight/UVR. Decrease in cell viability was recorded as 80.06%, 60.98% and 56.24% under sunlight, UVA and UVB, respectively. Genotoxic potential of BP1 was confirmed through photomicronuclei and CPDs formation. BP1 enhanced lipid peroxidation and leakage of LDH enzyme (61.7%). Apoptotic cells were detected by AnnexinV/PI staining and sub G1 population of cell cycle. BP1 induced up regulation of apoptotic proteins Bax/Bcl2 ratio, Apaf-1, cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO and cleaved caspase 3 was noticed. Down regulation of pro caspase 3 was inhibited by Z-VAD-fmk (inhibitor of caspase). Thus, study established the involvement of BP1 in photogenotoxicity and apoptosis via release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO. These findings suggest sunscreen user to avoid BP1 in cosmetics preparation for its topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Amar
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Shruti Goyal
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Divya Dubey
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Ajeet K Srivastav
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Jai Shankar
- Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Calò R, Visone CM, Marabini L. Thymol and Thymus Vulgaris L. activity against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in NCTC 2544 cell line. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ibuki Y, Toyooka T. Evaluation of chemical phototoxicity, focusing on phosphorylated histone H2AX. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:220-8. [PMID: 25480829 PMCID: PMC4380052 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2AX is a minor component of nuclear histone H2A. The phosphorylation of histone H2AX at Ser 139, termed γ-H2AX, was originally identified as an early event after the direct formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by ionizing radiation. Now, the generation of γ-H2AX is also considered to occur in association with secondarily formed DSBs by cellular processing such as DNA replication and repair at the site of the initial damage, including DNA adducts, crosslinks, and UV-induced photolesions. Therefore, γ-H2AX is currently attracting attention as a new biomarker for detecting various genotoxic insults. We have determined the toxic impact of various environmental stresses such as chemicals, light and/or their coexposure using γ-H2AX, and found that the γ-H2AX assay exhibited high sensitivity and a low false-positive rate as a detection system of genotoxic potential. In this review, we introduced our recent findings concerning the evaluation of chemical phototoxicity, focusing on γ-H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toyooka
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are being widely utilized in industry due to their versatile properties. The in vitro cytotoxicity findings and the potential for exposures to ZnO NP from different sources via different routes of entry into the body have raised public health concerns. Although recent studies have shown the cytotoxic effects of these NPs, including oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis induction, genotoxicity, and others, irradiation-induced cytotoxicity has not been systematically studied. The goal of this study was to determine whether irradiation in the forms of visible light (approximately 400-600 nm), ultraviolet (UV) A (366 nm), and UVC (254 nm) would affect ZnO NPs-induced cytotoxicity. The results of this study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of 60 to 80 nm ZnO NPs to A549 cells is dosage, time, and wavelength dependent. Nuclear decomposition by ZnO NPs, prior to membrane deformation, was found to be enhanced when exposed to irradiation. This study suggests that this phenomenon may be attributed to the irradiation-induced formation of positively charged sites on the ZnO NPs, which enhances nuclear affinity and generation of reactive oxygen species. Finally, the data demonstrated that while ZnO NPs act preferentially toward nuclear regions, destructions of cell membrane and the cytosol have also been observed. The photocatalytic properties of ZnO NPs play a critical role during the early stages of cell death, and their effects were reduced through the use of an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, both visible light and UV irradiations have been found to enhance the cytotoxic effect of ZnO NPs on the A549 cell line. This finding supports the need for further in vivo exposure studies relevant to actual conditions to confirm whether combined irradiation and ZnO NP exposure could enhance the nanotoxicity of ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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Demir E, Akça H, Kaya B, Burgucu D, Tokgün O, Turna F, Aksakal S, Vales G, Creus A, Marcos R. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: genotoxicity, interactions with UV-light and cell-transforming potential. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 264:420-429. [PMID: 24316814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro genotoxic and the soft agar anchorage independent cell transformation ability of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and its bulky forms have been evaluated in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and in mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells, either alone or in combination with UVB-light. The comet assay, with and without the use of FPG and Endo III enzymes, the micronucleus assay and the soft-agar colony assay were used. For the comet assay a statistically significant induction of DNA damage, with and without the enzymes, were observed up of 100μg/mL. ZnO NPs were able to increase significantly the frequency of micronuclei, and similar results were observed in the cell transformation assay where such NPs were able to induce cell-anchorage independent growth. These effects were observed at doses up 100μg/mL. Although UVB-light was able to induce genotoxic damage and cell-anchorage growth, a significant antagonist interaction effect was observed in combination with ZnO NPs. These in vitro results, obtained with the selected cell lines, contribute to increase our genotoxicity database on the ZnO NPs effects as well as to open the discussion about their risk in photo-protection sun screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşref Demir
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akça
- Medical Biology Department, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Bülent Kaya
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Durmuş Burgucu
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Tokgün
- Medical Biology Department, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Turna
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Aksakal
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gerard Vales
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Amadeu Creus
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Spain.
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Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Photogenotoxicity and Photomutagenicity of Medicines, Carcinogens and Endogenous Compounds. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Demir E, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity and DNA repair processes of zinc oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1292-303. [PMID: 25268556 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.935540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two different sizes of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP, ≤ 35 nm and 50-80 nm) were tested in the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6 to increase our knowledge on their genotoxic potential. The comet assay was the system used, and the results obtained showed that the highest concentration tested (100 μg/ml) for the two selected compounds was genotoxic. The percent DNA in tail obtained after treatment with ZnO NP (≤ 35 nm) was significantly higher than that of ZnO NP (50-80 nm) at all concentrations tested. To investigate the nature of the induced genotoxic damage, specific enzymes recognizing oxidized DNA bases were used. Treatments with endonuclease III (Endo III) and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) demonstrated that only ZnO NP (50-80 nm) were able to induce significant levels of net oxidative DNA damage. Further DNA repair kinetics studies revealed that DNA damage initially induced was removed in approximately 5 h. DNA damage induced by ZnO NP was repaired more slowly than damage following microparticulated ZnO exposure. No marked differences in repair kinetics of both forms of ZnO NP were observed. Evidence indicates that a high proportion of DNA damage induced by ZnO NP (50-80 nm) correlated with induction of oxidative damage, and that both forms of ZnO NP interfere with mechanisms involved in DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşref Demir
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences , Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
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Abstract
UV is the most abundant human carcinogen, and protection from extensive exposure to it is a widespread human health issue. The use of chemicals (sunscreens) for protection is intuitive and efficacious. However, these chemicals may become activated to reactive intermediates when absorbing energy from UV, thus producing damage themselves, which may manifest itself in phototoxic, photoallergenic or photocarcinogenic reactions in humans. The development of safe sunscreens for humans is of high interest. Similar issues have been observed for some therapeutically used principles such as PUVA therapy for psoriasis or porphyrins for phototherapy of human cancers. Photoactivation has also been reported as a side effect of various pharmaceuticals such as the antibacterial fluoroquinolones. In this context, the authors have been involved over more than 20 years in the development and refinement of assays to test for photomutagenicity as an unwanted side effect of UV-mediated activation of such chemicals for cosmetic or pharmaceutical use. The initial years of great hopes for simple mammalian cell-based assays for photomutagenicity to screen out substances of concern for human use were followed by many years of collaborative trials to achieve standardization. However, it is now realized that this topic, albeit of human safety relevance, is highly complex and subject to many artificial modifiers, especially in vitro in mammalian cell culture. Thus, it is not really suitable for being engineered into a general testing framework within cosmetic or pharmaceutical testing guidelines. Much knowledge has been generated over the years to arrive at the conclusion that yes, photomutagenicity does exist with the use of chemicals, but how to best test for it will require a sophisticated case-by-case approach. Moreover, in comparison to the properties and risks of exposure to UV itself, it remains a comparatively minor human safety risk to address. In considering risks and benefits, we should also acknowledge beneficial effects of UV on human health, including an essential role in the production of Vitamin D. Thus, the interrelationships between UV, chemicals and human health remain a fascinating topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Müller
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Elmar Gocke
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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Nair-Shalliker V, Fenech M, Forder PM, Clements MS, Armstrong BK. Sunlight and vitamin D affect DNA damage, cell division and cell death in human lymphocytes: a cross-sectional study in South Australia. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:609-14. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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