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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Muldoon J, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, estragole, CAS registry number 140-67-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182 Suppl 1:114143. [PMID: 37898231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Muldoon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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Abdelbaky AS, Mohamed AMHA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Rady MM, Alshehri F, El-Saadony MT, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA, Al-Elwany OAA. Bio-organic fertilizers promote yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13935. [PMID: 37626070 PMCID: PMC10457370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aromatic fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) is cultivated worldwide due to its high nutritional and medicinal values. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the application of bio-organic fertilization (BOF), farmyard manure (FM) or poultry manure (PM), either individually or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and/or Lactococcus lactis (LL) on the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of fennel seed essential oil (FSEO). In general, PM + LP + LL and FM + LP + LL showed the best results compared to any of the applications of BOF. Among the seventeen identified FSEO components, trans-anethole (78.90 and 91.4%), fenchone (3.35 and 10.10%), limonene (2.94 and 8.62%), and estragole (0.50 and 4.29%) were highly abundant in PM + LP + LL and FM + LP + LL, respectively. In addition, PM + LP + LL and FM + LP + LL exhibited the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 8.11 and 9.01 μg mL-1, respectively, compared to L-ascorbic acid (IC50 = 35.90 μg mL-1). We also observed a significant (P > 0.05) difference in the free radical scavenging activity of FSEO in the triple treatments. The in vitro study using FSEO obtained from PM + LP + LL or FM + LP + LL showed the largest inhibition zones against all tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains as well as pathogenic fungi. This suggests that the triple application has suppressive effects against a wide range of foodborne bacterial and fungal pathogens. This study provides the first in-depth analysis of Egyptian fennel seeds processed utilizing BOF treatments, yielding high-quality FSEO that could be used in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abdelbaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Abir M H A Mohamed
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soil and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Rady
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Fatma Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Omar A A Al-Elwany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
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3
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Tabbert JM, Schulz H, Krähmer A. Facing energy limitations - approaches to increase basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and quality by different increasing light intensities emitted by a broadband LED light spectrum (400-780 nm). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055352. [PMID: 36507442 PMCID: PMC9731226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on the current trend towards broad-bandwidth LED light spectra for basil productions in multi-tiered controlled-environment horticulture, a recently developed white broad-bandwidth LED light spectrum (400-780 nm) including far-red wavelengths with elevated red and blue light fractions was employed to cultivate basil. Four Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars (cv. Anise, cv. Cinnamon, cv. Dark Opal and cv. Thai Magic) were exposed to two different rising light intensity conditions (ILow and IHigh). In dependence of the individual cultivar-specific plant height increase over time, basil cultivars were exposed to light intensities increasing from ~ 100 to ~ 200 µmol m-2 s-1 under ILow, and from 200 to 400 µmol m-2 s-1 under IHigh (due to the exponential light intensity increases with decreasing proximity to the LED light fixtures). Within the first experiment, basils' morphological developments, biomass yields and time to marketability under both light conditions were investigated and the energy consumptions were determined to calculate the basils' light use efficiencies. In detail, cultivar-dependent differences in plant height, leaf and branch pair developments over time are described. In comparison to the ILow light conditions, IHigh resulted in accelerated developments and greater yields of all basil cultivars and expedited their marketability by 3-5 days. However, exposure to light intensities above ~ 300 µmol m-2 s-1 induced light avoidance responses in the green-leafed basil cultivars cv. Anise, cv. Cinnamon and cv. Thai Magic. In contrast, ILow resulted in consumer-preferred visual qualities and greater biomass efficiencies of the green-leafed basil cultivars and are discussed as a result of their ability to adapt well to low light conditions. Contrarily to the green-leafed cultivars, purple-leafed cv. Dark Opal developed insufficiently under ILow, but remained light-tolerant under IHigh, which is related to its high anthocyanin contents. In a second experiment, cultivars' volatile organic compound (VOC) contents and compositions over time were investigated. While VOC contents per gram of leaf dry matter gradually decreased in purple-leafed cv. Dark Opal between seedling stage to marketability, their contents gradually increased in the green cultivars. Regardless of the light treatment applied, cultivar-specific VOC compositions changed tremendously in a developmental stage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Manuela Tabbert
- Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Shi H, Li J, Zhang Y, Ding K, Zhao G, Hadiatullah H, Duan X. Effect of wheat germination on nutritional properties and the flavor of soy sauce. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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The Volatile Phytochemistry of Seven Native American Aromatic Medicinal Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061061. [PMID: 34070663 PMCID: PMC8229852 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As part of our evaluation of essential oils derived from Native American medicinal plants, we have obtained the essential oils of Agastache foeniculum (Pursch) Kuntze (Lamiaceae), Gaultheria procumbens L. (Ericaceae), Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet (Asteraceae), Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae), Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. (Lamiaceae), Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mack. ex Mack. (Asteraceae), and Verbena hastata L. (Verbenaceae) by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. The essential oil of A. foeniculum was dominated by estragole (88–93%), while methyl salicylate (91%) dominated the G. procumbens essential oil. Germacrene D was the major component in H. helianthoides (42%) and L. spicata (24%). 1,8-Cineole (31%) and α-terpineol (17%) were the main compounds in P. incanum essential oil. The essential oil of S. uvedalia showed α-pinene (24%), perillene (15%), and β-caryophyllene (17%) as major components. Verbena hastata essential oil was rich in 1-octen-3-ol (up to 29%) and palmitic acid (up to 22%). Four of these essential oils, H. helianthoides, L. spicata, P. incanum, and V. hastata, are reported for the first time. Additionally, the enantiomeric distributions of several terpenoid components have been determined.
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Afifi S, El-Mahis A, Heiss AG, Farag MA. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Classification of 12 Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Varieties Based on Their Aroma Profiles and Estragole Levels as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5775-5785. [PMID: 33681616 PMCID: PMC7931402 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) is a popular aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean basin and cultivated worldwide that is valued for the nutritional and health benefits of its fruits. Headspace solid-phase microextraction of 12 fennel accessions of cultivated (F. vulgare subsp. vulgare) and wild forms (F. vulgare subsp. piperitum) of different origins was carried out for assessing their volatile distribution. Fifty-four volatiles were identified, with ethers amounting for the major class at ca. 52-99% attributed to the abundance of (E)-anethole and estragole. Several subsp. vulgare accessions proved to be excellent sources of the chief aroma (E)-anethole (95.9-98.4%), whereas high levels of estragole at ca. 72% were observed in subsp. piperitum from Minia and Khartoum and must be considered in the safety assessment of fennel. Other volatile classes were detected including ketones, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes). Fenchone exceeded 15% of the total volatiles in some fennel specimens, linked to a conspicuous bitter aftertaste. The members of subsp. piperitum were more enriched in monoterpene hydrocarbons with sabinene found exclusively in these, while subsp. vulgare comprised a higher content of ethers. Principle component analysis determined isoterpinolene as a special component in subsp. piperitum. In all specimens from the same group, estragole was the most distinguished volatile compound according to the findings from orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The highest estimated estragole levels were detected in subsp. piperitum from Minia at 89.8 mg/g. This comparative study provides the first comprehensive insight into volatile profiling of 12 fennel fruit varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif
M. Afifi
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Sadat City, Sadat
City 32897, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Mahis
- Applied
Research Center of Medicinal Plants, National
Organization of Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andreas G. Heiss
- Department
for Bioarchaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Franz Klein-Gasse 1, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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Baky M, Farag MA, Rasheed DM. Metabolome-Based Analysis of Herbal Cough Preparations Via Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MS and Multivariate Data Analyses: A Prospect for Its Essential Oil Equivalency. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31370-31380. [PMID: 33324848 PMCID: PMC7726927 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cough preparations containing essential oils pose a challenge for isolating and quantifying their volatile components from such a complex matrix enriched with nonvolatile constituents and excipients. This study aims to develop a strategy integrating QC analysis of seven natural cough preparations in the Egyptian market and to assess volatile variation among the preparations using multivariate data analyses. Cough preparations were subjected to headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for determination of their essential oil composition mediating for their actions and to assess volatile differences among them. HS-SPME is a suitable technique for sample preparation that allows for extraction and enrichment of volatiles from complex nonvolatile matrices and their direct desorption into the gas chromatography analytical system. A total of 88 volatile components were identified belonging to seven classes, viz. aromatics, aliphatic hydrocarbons, mono/sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated mono/sesquiterpenes. Oxygenated monoterpenes, viz., menthol, cineole, thymol, and (E)-anethole, were the major volatiles identified in five cough preparations (79.5-98.6%), whereas aromatics, chiefly cinnamate derivatives, constituted the second class amounting for 50.5 and 27.4% in the other two cough preparations. Meaningful results regarding the products' efficacy and safety were extrapolated from this analytical procedure, where artificial preservatives (parabens) were detected in five cough preparations. This study established an efficient strategy for exploring volatile profiling and defining different markers among the different cough preparations. Additionally, authenticity of listed herbal ingredients in the cough preparations was also confirmed in certain preparations, while other formulations failed to show representative volatile components. Volatile variation among preparations was assessed using multivariate data analyses in an attempt to prioritize cough preparations for usage, suggesting the preference of Bronchicum and Babetone among examined cough products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa
H. Baky
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian
Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Dalia M. Rasheed
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October
6 University, 6th of
October City 12585, Egypt
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Schulte-Hubbert R, Küpper JH, Thomas AD, Schrenk D. Estragole: DNA adduct formation in primary rat hepatocytes and genotoxic potential in HepG2-CYP1A2 cells. Toxicology 2020; 444:152566. [PMID: 32853702 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Estragole is a natural constituent in herbs and spices and in products thereof such as essential oils or herbal teas. After cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation and subsequent sulfation, estragole acts as a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen forming DNA adducts in rodent liver. Because of the genotoxic mode of action and the widespread occurrence in food and phytomedicines a refined risk assessment for estragole is needed. We analyzed the time- and concentration-dependent levels of the DNA adducts N2-(isoestragole-3'-yl)-2'-desoxyguanosine (E3'N2dG) and N6-(isoestragole-3'-yl)-desoxyadenosine (E3'N6dA), reported to be the major adducts formed in rat liver, in rat hepatocytes (pRH) in primary culture after incubation with estragole. DNA adduct levels were measured via UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS using stable isotope dilution analysis. Both adducts were formed in pRH and could already be quantified after an incubation time of 1 h (E3'N6dA at 10 μM, E3'N2dG at 1μM estragole). E3'N2dG, the main adduct at all incubation times and concentrations, could be detected at estragole concentrations < 0.1 μM after 24 h and < 0.5 μM after 48 h. Adduct levels were highest after 6 h and showed a downward trend at later time-points, possibly due to DNA repair and/or apoptosis. While the concentration-response characteristics of adduct formation were apparently linear over the whole concentration range, strong indication for marked hypo-linearity was obtained when the modeling was based on concentrations < 1 μM only. In the micronucleus assay no mutagenic potential of estragole was found in HepG2 cells whereas in HepG2-CYP1A2 cells 1 μM estragole led to a 3.2 fold and 300 μM to a 7.1 fold increase in micronuclei counts. Our findings suggest the existence of a 'practical threshold' dose for DNA adduct formation as an initiating key event of the carcinogenicity of estragole indicating that the default assumption of concentration-response-linearity is questionable, at least for the two major adducts studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schulte-Hubbert
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Adam D Thomas
- Centre for the Research in Biosciences (CRIB), UWE, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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9
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Das S, Upadhaya P, Barhoi D, Nath Barbhuiya S, Langthasa P, Giri S. GCMS analysis of sadagura (smokeless tobacco), its enhanced genomic instability causing potential due to arsenic co-exposure, and vitamin-C supplementation as a possible remedial measure: a study involving multiple model test systems. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:185-196. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1675687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Das
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Puja Upadhaya
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Dharmeswar Barhoi
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sweety Nath Barbhuiya
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Pimily Langthasa
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
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10
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Monick S, Mohanty V, Khan M, Yerneni G, Kumar R, Cantu J, Ichi S, Xi G, Singh BR, Tomita T, Mayanil CS. A Phenotypic Switch of Differentiated Glial Cells to Dedifferentiated Cells Is Regulated by Folate Receptor α. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1441-1454. [PMID: 31381815 PMCID: PMC6899875 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that folate receptor‐α (FRα) translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor and upregulates Hes1, Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 genes responsible for pluripotency. Here, we show that acetylation and phosphorylation of FRα favor its nuclear translocation in the presence of folate and can cause a phenotypic switch from differentiated glial cells to dedifferentiated cells. shRNA‐FRα mediated knockdown of FRα was used to confirm the role of FRα in dedifferentiation. Ocimum sanctum hydrophilic fraction‐1 treatment not only blocks the folate mediated dedifferentiation of glial cells but also promotes redifferentiation of dedifferentiated glial cells, possibly by reducing the nuclear translocation of ~38 kDa FRα and subsequent interaction with chromatin assembly factor‐1. stem cells2019;37:1441–1454
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Monick
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vineet Mohanty
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariam Khan
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gowtham Yerneni
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raj Kumar
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge Cantu
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ichi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guifa Xi
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chandra Shekhar Mayanil
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
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Martins C, Rueff J, Rodrigues AS. Genotoxic alkenylbenzene flavourings, a contribution to risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:861-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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da Silva Gündel S, Velho MC, Diefenthaler MK, Favarin FR, Copetti PM, de Oliveira Fogaça A, Klein B, Wagner R, Gündel A, Sagrillo MR, Ourique AF. Basil oil-nanoemulsions: Development, cytotoxicity and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Hardy A, Benford D, Halldorsson T, Jeger MJ, Knutsen HK, More S, Naegeli H, Noteborn H, Ockleford C, Ricci A, Rychen G, Schlatter JR, Silano V, Solecki R, Turck D, Younes M, Bresson JL, Griffin J, Hougaard Benekou S, van Loveren H, Luttik R, Messean A, Penninks A, Ru G, Stegeman JA, van der Werf W, Westendorf J, Woutersen RA, Barizzone F, Bottex B, Lanzoni A, Georgiadis N, Alexander J. Guidance on the assessment of the biological relevance of data in scientific assessments. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04970. [PMID: 32625631 PMCID: PMC7010076 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA requested its Scientific Committee to prepare a guidance document providing generic issues and criteria to consider biological relevance, particularly when deciding on whether an observed effect is of biological relevance, i.e. is adverse (or shows a beneficial health effect) or not. The guidance document provides a general framework for establishing the biological relevance of observations at various stages of the assessment. Biological relevance is considered at three main stages related to the process of dealing with evidence: Development of the assessment strategy. In this context, specification of agents, effects, subjects and conditions in relation to the assessment question(s): Collection and extraction of data; Appraisal and integration of the relevance of the agents, subjects, effects and conditions, i.e. reviewing dimensions of biological relevance for each data set. A decision tree is developed to assist in the collection, identification and appraisal of relevant data for a given specific assessment question to be answered.
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14
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part I: Plants with carcinogenic, teratogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:150-64. [PMID: 27090581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of herbal medicines and food products has been widely embraced in many developed countries. These products are generally highly accepted by consumers who often believe that "natural" equals "safe". This is, however, an oversimplification because several botanicals have been found to contain toxic compounds in concentrations harmful to human health. Acutely toxic plants are in most cases already recognised as dangerous as a result of their traditional use, but plants with subacute and chronic toxicity are difficult or even impossible to detect by traditional use or by clinical research studies. In this review, we systematically address major issues including the carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects associated with the use of herbal preparations with a strong focus on plant species that either grow natively or are cultivated in Europe. The basic information regarding the molecular mechanisms of the individual subtypes of plant-induced non-acute toxicity is given, which is followed by a discussion of the pathophysiological and clinical characteristics. We describe the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of alkenylbenzenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and bracken fern ptaquiloside, the teratogenicity issues regarding anthraquinone glycosides and specific alkaloids, and discuss the human health concerns regarding the phytoestrogens and licorice consumption in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kristanc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Primary Healthcare of Gorenjska, ZD Kranj, Gosposvetska Ulica 10, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška Cesta 32, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Maisanaba S, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Pichardo S, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Jos A, Cameán AM. New advances in active packaging incorporated with essential oils or their main components for food preservation. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1175010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Najdoska-Bogdanov M, Bogdanov JB, Stefova M. Changes in Volatile Compounds during Aging of Sweet Fennel Fruits-Comparison of Hydrodistillation and Static Headspace Sampling Methods. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two extraction methods for subsequent gas chromatographic (GC) determination of volatiles from freshly harvested and aged fennel fruit samples ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.,ssp. vulgare var. dulce) have been compared. Hydrodistillation followed by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis was used as a standard method for essential oil characterization, while static headspace followed by GC (SHS-GC-FID) was used as a comparative method for determination of volatile components. As the fennel fruit ages, there is a gradual loss of the volatile components as indicated by the lower yield of essential oil and lower content of volatiles, as indicated by the alternative SHS-GC-FID analysis. Slight differences observed for the main components ( trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone, and limonene) using the two methods are negligible, indicating that these volatiles did not undergo chemical transformation during the sample preparation procedures. A difference in anisaldehyde content was observed when the composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil was compared with the SHS-GC-FIDanalysis of volatiles and explanation for the variation of anisaldehyde content and the origin of other compounds was suggested. Comparison of the obtained results showed that limonene oxides, carvone and carveolare detectable in SHS-GC-FID analysis of the aged fennel fruits, while in hydrodistilled samples analyzed by GC-FID they were not present. Another observed difference was the appearance of products in significant amounts with higher retention times than trans-anethole, namely threo- and erythro-anethole β-hydroxymethylether and anethole glycol that are not detectable in the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. So, the relative abundance of the major components is comparable between these two methods for fennel seed up to 3 years from harvest and they can be used interchangeably depending on the purpose and amount of material. Furthermore, SHS-GC-FID can be used for assessment of maximum storage time and quality of fennel fruit suitable for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menče Najdoska-Bogdanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Jane B. Bogdanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Marina Stefova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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17
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Najdoska-Bogdanov M, Bogdanov JB, Stefova M. Simultaneous Determination of Essential Oil Components and Fatty Acids in Fennel using Gas Chromatography with a Polar Capillary Column. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated and wild growing samples of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) from R. Macedonia were studied for their volatiles and fatty acid composition. The main essential oil components isolated via hydrodistillation were: trans-anethole (>80%), estragole (<6%), limonene (<6%), anisaldehyde (<1%) and 0.5 % fenchone. An alternative method for characterization of both the non-polar volatile and non volatile fractions was developed using n-hexane and dichloromethane (3:1, v/v) in a Soxhlet extraction followed by transesterification. The obtained extracts were then characterized and the dominant fatty acid was 18:1 (petroselinic and oleic acid) 75.0–82.8 %, followed by 18:2 (linoleic acid) 10.8–16.2% and other fatty acids: palmitic (4.3–6.9%), stearic (1.2–1.7%) and myristic (0–2.9%). The results for the volatile fraction after Soxhlet extraction and transesterification did not significantly differ from results obtained after hydrodistillation, especially for the main components ( trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone and limonene), implying that the developed method can be used for simultaneous determination of volatiles and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menče Najdoska-Bogdanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Jane B. Bogdanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Marina Stefova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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18
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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Jos A, Cameán AM. In vitro toxicological evaluation of essential oils and their main compounds used in active food packaging: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:9-27. [PMID: 25865936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their main constituent compounds have been extensively investigated due to their application in the food industry for improving the shelf life of perishable products. Although they are still not available for use in food packaging in the market in Europe, considerable research in this field has been carried out recently. The safety of these EOs should be guaranteed before being commercialized. The aim of this work was to review the scientific publications, with a primary focus on the last 10 years, with respect to different in vitro toxicological aspects, mainly focussed on mutagenicity/genotoxicity. In general, fewer genotoxic studies have been reported on EOs in comparison to their main components, and most of them did not show mutagenic activity. However, more studies are needed in this field since the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority have not always been followed accurately. The mutagenic/genotoxic activities of these substances have been related to metabolic activation. Therefore, in vivo tests are required to confirm the absence of genotoxic effects. Considering the great variability of the EOs and their main compounds, a case-by-case evaluation is needed to assure their safe use in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Martins C, Doran C, Silva IC, Miranda C, Rueff J, Rodrigues AS. Myristicin from nutmeg induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and down regulates genes of the DNA damage response pathways in human leukaemia K562 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 218:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Villarini M, Pagiotti R, Dominici L, Fatigoni C, Vannini S, Levorato S, Moretti M. Investigation of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptosis-inducing effects of estragole isolated from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:773-778. [PMID: 24617303 DOI: 10.1021/np400653p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate, in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line, the in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic activities of estragole (1), contained in the essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and suspected to induce hepatic tumors in susceptible strains of mice. Toward this end, an MTT cytotoxicity assay, a trypan blue dye exclusion test, a double-staining (acridine orange and DAPI) fluorescence viability assay, a single-cell microgel-electrophoresis (comet) assay, a mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) assay, and a DNA fragmentation analysis were conducted. In terms of potential genotoxic effects, the comet assay indicated that estragole (1) was not able to induce DNA damage nor apoptosis under the experimental conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Chakravarthy S, Sadagopan S, Nair A, Sukumaran SK. Zebrafish as anIn VivoHigh-Throughput Model for Genotoxicity. Zebrafish 2014; 11:154-66. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathish Sadagopan
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Ayyappan Nair
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
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22
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Yang Y, Nan H, Wang G, Yang W, Xu J. Comparative Determination of the Volatile Components ofPrunella vulgarisL. from Different Geographical Origins by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.782551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Can estragole in fennel seed decoctions really be considered a danger for human health? A fennel safety update. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:860542. [PMID: 22899959 PMCID: PMC3414240 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) mature fruit (commonly known as seeds) and essential oil of fennel are widely used as flavoring agents in food products such as liqueurs, bread, cheese, and an ingredient of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Moreover fennel infusions are the classical decoction for nursing babies to prevent flatulence and colic spasm. Traditionally in Europe and Mediterranean areas fennel is used as antispasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, secretomotor, secretolytic, galactagogue, eye lotion, and antioxidant remedy and integrator. Topically, fennel powder is used as a poultice for snake bites. In Asian cultures fennel was ingested to speed the elimination of poisons. As one of the ancient Saxon people's nine sacred herbs, fennel was credited with the power to cure. Fennel was also valued as a magic herb: in the Middle Ages it was draped over doorways on Midsummer's Eve to protect the household from evil spirits. Recently because of estragole carcinogenicity, fennel has been charged to be dangerous for humans especially if used as decoction for babies. But this allegation do not consider the remedy is prepared as a matrix of substances, and recent researches confirm that pure estragole is inactivated by many substance contained in the decoction.
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