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Short-term in vivo testing to discriminate genotoxic carcinogens from non-genotoxic carcinogens and non-carcinogens using next-generation RNA sequencing, DNA microarray, and qPCR. Genes Environ 2023; 45:7. [PMID: 36755350 PMCID: PMC9909887 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-023-00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has identified more differentially expressed protein-coding genes (DEGs) and provided a wider quantitative range of expression level changes than conventional DNA microarrays. JEMS·MMS·Toxicogenomics group studied DEGs with targeted RNA-Seq on freshly frozen rat liver tissues and on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) rat liver tissues after 28 days of treatment with chemicals and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on rat and mouse liver tissues after 4 to 48 h treatment with chemicals and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) as statics. Analysis of rat public DNA microarray data (Open TG-GATEs) was also performed. In total, 35 chemicals were analyzed [15 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (GTHCs), 9 non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGTHCs), and 11 non-genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogens (NGTNHCs)]. As a result, 12 marker genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Gdf15, Lrp1, Mbd1, Phlda3, Plk2, and Tubb4b) were proposed to discriminate GTHCs from NGTHCs and NGTNHCs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency studied DEGs induced by 4 known GTHCs in rat liver using DNA microarray and proposed 7 biomarker genes, Bax, Bcmp1, Btg2, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Cgr19, and Mgmt for GTHCs. Studies involving the use of whole-transcriptome RNA-Seq upon exposure to chemical carcinogens in vivo have also been performed in rodent liver, kidney, lung, colon, and other organs, although discrimination of GTHCs from NGTHCs was not examined. Candidate genes published using RNA-Seq, qPCR, and DNA microarray will be useful for the future development of short-term in vivo studies of environmental carcinogens using RNA-Seq.
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Quinoline is more genotoxic than 4-methylquinoline in hiHeps cells and rodent liver. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 886:503582. [PMID: 36868699 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, such as quinoline (QN) and 4-methylquinoline (4-MeQ), may be genotoxic and carcinogenic. Earlier studies, including in vitro genotoxicity tests, indicated that 4-MeQ is more mutagenic than QN. However, we hypothesized that the methyl group of 4-MeQ favors detoxication over bioactivation, and this factor may be overlooked in in vitro tests that do not incorporate supplementation with cofactors for enzymes that catalyze conjugation reactions. We used human induced hepatocyte cells (hiHeps), which express such enzymes, and compared the genotoxicity of 4-MeQ and QN. We also carried out an in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in rat liver, since 4-MeQ is not genotoxic in rodent bone marrow. In the Ames test and the Tk gene mutation assay, with rat S9 activation, 4-MeQ was more mutagenic than QN. However, QN induced significantly higher MN frequencies in hiHeps and rat liver than did 4-MeQ. Furthermore, QN upregulated genotoxicity marker genes much more than did 4-MeQ. We also investigated the roles of two important detoxication enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). When hiHeps were preincubated with hesperetin (UGT inhibitor) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (SULT inhibitor), MN frequencies were elevated approximately 1.5-fold for 4-MeQ, whereas no significant effects were seen for QN. This study shows that QN is more genotoxic than 4-MeQ, when the roles of SULTs and UGTs in detoxication are considered and our results may improve understanding the structure-activity relationships of quinoline derivatives.
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Lao M, Zhang X, Yang H, Bai X, Liang T. RCAN1-mediated calcineurin inhibition as a target for cancer therapy. Mol Med 2022; 28:69. [PMID: 35717152 PMCID: PMC9206313 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), as a patent endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin, plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of cancers. Except for hypopharyngeal and laryngopharynx cancer, high expression of RCAN1 inhibits tumor progression. Molecular antitumor functions of RCAN1 are largely dependent on calcineurin. In this review, we highlight current research on RCAN1 characteristics, and the interaction between RCAN1 and calcineurin. Moreover, the dysregulation of RCAN1 in various cancers is reviewed, and the potential of targeting RCAN1 as a new therapeutic approach is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Lao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanshen Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Tian J, Locker J. Gadd45 in the Liver: Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:87-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang J, Chen H, Weng X, Liu H, Chen Z, Huang Q, Wang L, Liu X. RCAN1.4 attenuates renal fibrosis through inhibiting calcineurin-mediated nuclear translocation of NFAT2. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:317. [PMID: 34707090 PMCID: PMC8551295 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is thus deemed to a global health problem. Renal fibrosis, characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the kidney, is considered a common pathway leading to CKD. Regulator of calcineurin1 (RCAN1), identified as a competitive endogenous inhibitor of the phosphatase calcineurin, participates in ECM deposition in various organs. However, the role of RCAN1 in renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a well-known model to induce renal fibrosis in vivo, was performed on mice for a week. To overexpress RCAN1.4 in vivo, recombinant adeno-associated virus 9-packed RCAN1.4 over-expression plasm was employed in mice kidney. Lentivirus-packed RCAN1.4 over-expression plasm was employed to transfer into HK-2 and NRK-49F cells in vitro. The results indicated that RCAN1.4 expression was impaired both in UUO-induced renal fibrosis in vivo and TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis in vitro. However, knocking in of RCAN1.4 suppressed the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in vitro, the apoptosis-related proteins, including the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved-caspase3, were elevated in cells transfected with RCAN1.4 overexpression plasmid. In addition, we found that RCAN1.4 could rugulated NFAT2 nuclear distribution by inhibiting calcineurin pathway. So overexpression of RCAN1.4 could reverse renal fibrosis, attenuate ECM related protein accumulation, promote apoptosis of myofibroblast via inhibiting Calcineurin/NFAT2 signaling pathway. Taken together, our study demonstrated that targeting RCAN1.4 may be therapeutic efficacy in renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaodong Weng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schmitz-Spanke S. Toxicogenomics - What added Value Do These Approaches Provide for Carcinogen Risk Assessment? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:157-164. [PMID: 30909101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is still a major challenge to protect humans at workplaces and in the environment. To cope with this task, it is a prerequisite to obtain detailed information on the extent of chemical perturbations of biological pathways, in particular, adaptive vs. adverse effects and the dose-response relationships. This knowledge serves as the basis for the classification of non-carcinogens and carcinogens and for further distinguishing carcinogens in genotoxic (DNA damaging) or non-genotoxic compounds. Basing on quantitative dose-response relationships, points of departures can be derived for chemical risk assessment. In recent years, new methods have shown their capability to support the established rodent models of carcinogenicity testing. In vitro high throughput screening assays assess more comprehensively cell response. In addition, omics technologies were applied to study the mode of action of chemicals whereby the term "toxicogenomics" comprises various technologies such as transcriptomics, epigenomics, or metabolomics. This review aims to summarize the current state of toxicogenomic approaches in risk science and to compare them with established ones. For example, measurement of global transcriptional changes generates meaningful information for toxicological risk assessment such as accurate classification of genotoxic/non-genotoxic carcinogens. Alteration in mRNA expression offers previously unknown insights in the mode of action and enables the definition of key events. Based on these, benchmark doses can be calculated for the transition from an adaptive to an adverse state. In short, this review assesses the potential and challenges of transcriptomics and addresses the impact of other omics technologies on risk assessment in terms of hazard identification and dose-response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Pan YQ, Hou AN. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury increases CDKN1A levels in a newborn rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:424-432. [PMID: 30755044 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1479898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - A-na Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Furihata C, Suzuki T. Evaluation of 12 mouse marker genes in rat toxicogenomics public data, Open TG-GATEs: Discrimination of genotoxic from non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 838:9-15. [PMID: 30678831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we proposed 12 marker genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Gdf15, Lrp1, Mbd1, Phlda3, Plk2 and Tubb4b) to discriminate mouse genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (GTHC) from non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGTHC). This was determined by qPCR and principal component analysis (PCA), as the aim of an in vivo short-term screening for genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. For this paper, we conducted an application study of the 12 mouse marker genes to rat data, Open TG-GATEs (public data). We analyzed five typical rat GTHC (2-acetamodofluorene, aflatoxin B1, 2-nitrofluorene, N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosomorpholine), and not only seven typical rat NGTHC (clofibrate, ethanol, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, hexachlorobenzene, phenobarbital and WY-14643) but also 11 non-genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogens (NGTNHC; allyl alcohol, aspirin, caffeine, chlorpheniramine, chlorpropamide, dexamethasone, diazepam, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, theophylline and tolbutamide) from Open TG-GATEs. The analysis was performed at 3, 6, 9 and 24 h after a single administration and 4, 8, 15 and 29 days after repeated administrations. We transferred Open TG-GATEs DNA microarray data into log2 data using the "R Project for Statistical Computing". GTHC-specific dose-dependent gene expression changes were observed and significance assessed with the Williams test. Similar significant changes were observed during 3-24 h and 4-29 days, assessed with Welch's t-test, except not for NGTHC or NGTNHC. Significant differential changes in gene expression were observed between GTHC and NGTHC in 11 genes (except not Tubb4b) and between GTHC and NGTNHC in all 12 genes at 24 h and 10 genes (except Ccnf and Mbd1) at 29 days, per Tukey's test. PCA successfully discriminated GTHC from NGTHC and NGTNHC at 24 h and 29 days. The results demonstrate that 12 previously proposed mouse marker genes are useful for discriminating rat GTHC from NGTHC and NGTNHC from Open TG-GATEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Furihata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomach, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan; School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomach, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
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Furihata C, Toyoda T, Ogawa K, Suzuki T. Using RNA-Seq with 11 marker genes to evaluate 1,4-dioxane compared with typical genotoxic and non-genotoxic rat hepatocarcinogens. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 834:51-55. [PMID: 30173864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has long been unclear whether 1,4-dioxane (DO) is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen (GTHC). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate rat GTHCs and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGTHCs) via selected gene expression patterns in the liver, as determined by next generation sequencing-targeted mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and principal component analysis (PCA). Previously, we selected 11 marker genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Lrp1, Mbd1, Phlda3, Plk2, and Tubb4b) to discriminate GTHCs and NGTHCs. In the present study, we quantified changes in the expression of these genes following DO treatment, and compared them with treatment with two typical rat GTHCs, N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine·2HCl (DMB), and a typical rat NGTHC, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). RNA-Seq was conducted on liver samples from groups of five male, 10-week-old F344 rats after 4 weeks' feeding of chemicals in the water or the food. Rats in the control group were given water and a basal diet. Significant changes in gene expression in experimental groups compared with the control group were observed in eight genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Phlda3 and Plk2), as shown by Tukey's test. Gene expression profiles of the 11 genes under DO treatment differed significantly from those with DEN and DMB, as well as DEHP. Gene expression profiles with DO treatment differed partially from those with typical GTHCs for five genes (Bax, Btg2, Cdkn1a, Lrp1 and Plk2) and were substantially different from treatment with a typical NGTHC (DEHP) for nine genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Mbd1, Phlda3 and Tubb4b) as determined by Tukey's test. Finally, PCA successfully differentiated GTHCs from DEHP and DO with the 11 genes. The present results suggest that RNA-Seq and PCA are useful to evaluate rat typical GTHCs and typical NGTHCs. DO was suggested to result in a different intermediate gene expression profile from typical GTHCs and NGTHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Furihata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan; School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Ates G, Mertens B, Heymans A, Verschaeve L, Milushev D, Vanparys P, Roosens NHC, De Keersmaecker SCJ, Rogiers V, Doktorova TY. A novel genotoxin-specific qPCR array based on the metabolically competent human HepaRG™ cell line as a rapid and reliable tool for improved in vitro hazard assessment. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1593-1608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Furihata C, Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Hamada S, Nakajima M. Collaborative studies in toxicogenomics in rodent liver in JEMS·MMS; a useful application of principal component analysis on toxicogenomics. Genes Environ 2016; 38:15. [PMID: 27482301 PMCID: PMC4968012 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicogenomics is a rapidly developing discipline focused on the elucidation of the molecular and cellular effects of chemicals on biological systems. As a collaborative study group of Toxicogenomics/JEMS·MMS, we conducted studies on hepatocarcinogens in rodent liver in which 100 candidate marker genes were selected to discriminate genotoxic hepatocarcinogens from non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Differential gene expression induced by 13 chemicals were examined using DNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), including eight genotoxic hepatocarcinogens [o-aminoazotoluene, chrysene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, diethylnitrosamine (DEN), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, dimethylnitrosamine, dipropylnitrosamine and ethylnitrosourea (ENU)], four non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens [carbon tetrachloride, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), phenobarbital and trichloroethylene] and a non-genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogen [ethanol]. Using qPCR, 30 key genes were extracted from mouse livers at 4 h and 28 days following dose-dependent gene expression alteration induced by DEN and ENU: the most significant changes in gene expression were observed at 4 h. Next, we selected key point times at 4 and 48 h from changes in time-dependent gene expression during the acute phase following administration of chrysene by qPCR. We successfully showed discrimination of eight genotoxic hepatocarcinogens [2-acetylaminofluorene, 2,4-diaminotoluene, diisopropanolnitrosamine, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4-(methylnitsosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosomorpholine, quinoline and urethane] from four non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens [1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DEHP and furan] using qPCR and principal component analysis. Additionally, we successfully identified two rat genotoxic hepatocarcinogens [DEN and 2,6-dinitrotoluene] from a nongenotoxic-hepatocarcinogen [DEHP] and a non-genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogen [phenacetin] at 4 and 48 h. The subsequent gene pathway analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis extracted the DNA damage response, resulting from the signal transduction of a p53-class mediator leading to the induction of apoptosis. The present review of these studies suggests that application of principal component analysis on the gene expression profile in rodent liver during the acute phase is useful to predict genotoxic hepatocarcinogens in comparison to non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens and/or non-carcinogenic hepatotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Furihata
- School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan ; Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan ; Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- Nonclinical Research Center, Drug Development Service Segment, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255 Japan
| | - Madoka Nakajima
- Genetic Toxicology Group, Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides, Shioshinden 582-2, Fukude-cho, Iwata-gun, Shizuoka 437-1213 Japan ; Education and Research Department, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
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Sakurai M, Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Furihata C. Time-course Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles Induced by the Genotoxic Hepatocarcinogen, Chrysene, in the Mouse Liver. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ament Z, Waterman CL, West JA, Waterfield C, Currie RA, Wright J, Griffin JL. A metabolomics investigation of non-genotoxic carcinogenicity in the rat. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5775-90. [PMID: 24161236 DOI: 10.1021/pr4007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGCs) promote tumor growth by altering gene expression, which ultimately leads to cancer without directly causing a change in DNA sequence. As a result NGCs are not detected in mutagenesis assays. While there are proposed biomarkers of carcinogenic potential, the definitive identification of non-genotoxic carcinogens still rests with the rat and mouse long-term bioassay. Such assays are expensive and time-consuming and require a large number of animals, and their relevance to human health risk assessments is debatable. Metabolomics and lipidomics in combination with pathology and clinical chemistry were used to profile perturbations produced by 10 compounds that represented a range of rat non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGC), non-genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogens (non-NGC), and a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen. Each compound was administered at its maximum tolerated dose level for 7, 28, and 91 days to male Fisher 344 rats. Changes in liver metabolite concentration differentiated the treated groups across different time points. The most significant differences were driven by pharmacological mode of action, specifically by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonists. Despite these dominant effects, good predictions could be made when differentiating NGCs from non-NGCs. Predictive ability measured by leave one out cross validation was 87% and 77% after 28 days of dosing for NGCs and non-NGCs, respectively. Among the discriminatory metabolites we identified free fatty acids, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols, as well as precursors of eicosanoid and the products of reactive oxygen species linked to processes of inflammation, proliferation, and oxidative stress. Thus, metabolic profiling is able to identify changes due to the pharmacological mode of action of xenobiotics and contribute to early screening for non-genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ament
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research (MRC HNR), Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K. , The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K. , and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1QR, U.K
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Furihata C. Attempts at Organ-specific In Vivo Short-term Tests for Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens in Rodent Liver and Stomach. Genes Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.35.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Gadd45 in the Liver: Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 793:69-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8289-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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