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Ahmed AR, Ahmed M, Vun-Sang S, Iqbal M. Is Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor Responsible for Ameliorating the Chemical-Induced Tissue Injury In Vivo? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144362. [PMID: 35889233 PMCID: PMC9318303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by well-known toxins including ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA) has been attributed to causing tissue injury in the liver and kidney. In this study, the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a donor of nitric oxide and NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide inhibitor on TAA-induced hepatic oxidative stress, GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes, serum transaminases and tumor promotion markers such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats were examined. The animals were divided into seven groups consisting of six healthy rats per group. The six rats were injected intraperitoneally with TAA to evaluate its toxic effect, improvement in its toxic effect if any, or worsening in its toxic effect if any, when given in combination with GTN or l-NAME. The single necrogenic dose of TAA administration caused a significant change in the levels of both hepatic and serum enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), alanine aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, treatment with TAA also augmented malondialdehyde (MDA), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats liver. Concomitantly, TAA treatment depleted the levels of GSH. However, most of these changes were alleviated by the treatment of animals with GTN dose-dependently. The protective effect of GTN against TAA was also confirmed histopathologically. The present data confirmed our earlier findings with other oxidants including Fe-NTA and CCl4. The GTN showed no change whatsoever when administered alone, however when it was given along with TAA then it showed protection thereby contributing towards defending the role against oxidants-induced organ toxicity. Overall, GTN may contribute to protection against TAA-induced oxidative stress, toxicity, and proliferative response in the liver, according to our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Rahman Ahmed
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mahiba Ahmed
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Senty Vun-Sang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Iqbal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: or
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Hamada S, Shigano M, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Satomoto K, Mitsumoto T, Fukuda T, Ohyama W, Morita T, Hayashi M. Detection of hepatocarcinogens by combination of liver micronucleus assay and histopathological examination in 2-week or 4-week repeated dose studies. Genes Environ 2022; 44:2. [PMID: 34983681 PMCID: PMC8725540 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, revisions to the ICH S1 guidance on rodent carcinogenicity testing are being proposed. Application of this approach would reduce the use of animals in accordance with the 3Rs principles (reduce/refine/replace). The method would also shift resources to focus on more scientific mechanism-based carcinogenicity assessments and promote safe and ethical development of new small molecule pharmaceuticals. In the revised draft, findings such as cellular hypertrophy, diffuse and/or focal cellular hyperplasia, persistent tissue injury and/or chronic inflammation, preneoplastic changes, and tumors are listed as histopathology findings of particular interest for identifying carcinogenic potential. In order to predict hepatocarcinogenicity of test chemicals based on the results from 2- or 4-week repeated dose studies, we retrospectively reanalyzed the results of a previous collaborative study on the liver micronucleus assay. We focused on liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological changes including hypertrophy, proliferation of oval cells or bile duct epithelial cells, tissue injuries, regenerative changes, and inflammatory changes as the early responses of hepatocarcinogenesis. For these early responses, A total of 20 carcinogens, including 14 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A) and 6 non-liver-targeted genotoxic carcinogens (Group B) were evaluated. Results In the Group A chemicals, 5 chemicals (NPYR, MDA, NDPA, 2,6-DNT, and NMOR) showed all of the 6 early responses in hepatocarcinogenesis. Five chemicals (DMN, 2,4-DNT, QUN, 2-AAF, and TAA) showed 4 responses, and 4 chemicals (DAB, 2-NP, MCT, and Sudan I) showed 3 responses. All chemicals exhibited at least 3 early responses. Contrarily, in the Group B chemicals (6 chemicals), 3 of the 6 early responses were observed in 1 chemical (MNNG). No more than two responses were observed in 3 chemicals (MMC, MMS, and KA), and no responses were observed in 2 chemicals (CP and KBrO3). Conclusion Evaluation of liver micronucleus induction in combination with histopathological examination is useful for detecting hepatocarcinogens. This assay takes much less time than routine long-term carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hamada
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Shigano
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 midorimachi, Bunkyoudai, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Satomoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11 Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042, Japan
| | - Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0066, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- makoto international consulting, 4-23-3-1 Kamiimaizumi, Ebina-shi, Kanagawa, 243-0431, Japan
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Evaluation of the novel liver micronucleus assay using formalin-fixed tissues. Genes Environ 2019; 41:13. [PMID: 31086610 PMCID: PMC6507131 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds, particularly for those that require metabolic activation to show genotoxicity. In a collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS), micronucleus induction of 22 chemicals with the RDLMN assay employing the collagenase digestion method was examined and reported on. Recently, we have developed a method which enables retrospective evaluation of micronucleus induction in formalin-fixed liver tissues (the formalin-fixed method) obtained in general toxicity studies completed in the past. Using this method, we were able to easily evaluate clastogenic potential of chemicals from the formalin-fixed tissues obtained in the general toxicity studies. In this study, to evaluate the usefulness of the formalin-fixed method, we have conducted a liver micronucleus assay using the formalin-fixed liver samples obtained from the above collaborative study (18 of 22 test chemicals) and carried out a comparison with the results obtained by the collagenase digestion method. Results Comparison of the collagenase digestion and formalin-fixed methods was conducted using the results of the micronucleus assays with a total of 18 test chemicals which included 12 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group A), 4 genotoxic carcinogens but not liver targeted (Group B), and 2 nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens (Group C). The formalin-fixed method obtained the similar results as the collagenase digestion method in 10 out of the 12 chemicals of Group A, and all chemicals of Group B and Group C. Although the results were statistically contradictive due to different levels of concurrent negative control, the 2 other chemicals of Group A showed comparable responses between the two methods. Conclusion The present study shows that the formalin-fixed method is capable of detecting liver carcinogens with sensitivity equal to or higher than that of the collagenase digestion method. We recommend use of the formalin-fixed method because of its capability of enabling retrospective evaluation of micronucleus induction in the formalin-fixed liver tissues obtained in general toxicity studies completed in the past.
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Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with 22 chemicals using young adult rats: Summary of the collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:2-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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