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Panghal A, Sahu C, Singla S, Jena G. Juvenile exposure and adult risk assessment with single versus repeated exposure of melphalan in the germ cells of male SD rat: Deciphering the molecular mechanisms. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 113:71-84. [PMID: 35961530 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Melphalan significantly contributes to the increase in childhood cancer survival rate. It acts as a gonadotoxic agent and leads to testes damage, dysbalance in gonadal hormones, and impairment in the germ cell proliferation. Therefore, it might be a potent threat to male fertility in individuals who have undergone melphalan treatment during childhood cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of melphalan-induced gonadal damage are not yet fully explored and they need to be investigated to determine the benefit-risk profile. In the present study, juvenile male SD rats were subjected to single and intermittent cycles of melphalan exposure in a dose-dependent (0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg) manner. Methods of end-points evaluations were quantification of micronuclei formation in peripheral blood, sperm count, sperm motility and head morphology, sperm and testicular DNA damage, histological studies in testes, oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters. A single cycle of exposure at high dose (1.5 mg/kg) produced significant effect on micronuclei formation only after the first week of exposure, whereas failed to produce significant effect at the end of the sixth week. Intermittent cycles of exposure at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg produced significant alterations in all the parameters (micronuclei in peripheral blood, testes and epididymides weight and length, MDA, GSH and nitrite levels, sperm count and motility, sperm head morphology, testicular and sperm DNA damage, protein expression in testes and histological parameters). So, time of exposure as well as the amount of exposure (total dosage administered) is critical in determining the magnitude of the damage in germ cell risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Panghal
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
| | - Chittaranjan Sahu
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
| | - Shivani Singla
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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Chikura S, Kimoto T, Itoh S, Sanada H, Muto S, Horibata K. Standard protocol for the PIGRET assay, a high-throughput reticulocyte Pig-a assay with an immunomagnetic separation, used in the interlaboratory trial organized by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen and Genome Society. Genes Environ 2021; 43:10. [PMID: 33743813 PMCID: PMC7981892 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIGRET assay is one of the Pig-a assays targeting reticulocytes (RETs), an in vivo genotoxicity evaluation method using flow cytometry with endogenous reporter glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein. The PIGRET assay with RETs selectively enriched with anti-CD71 antibodies has several desirable features: high-throughput assay system, low background frequency of mutant cells, and early detection of mutation. To verify the potential and usefulness of the PIGRET assay for short-term testing, an interlaboratory trial involving 16 laboratories organized by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen and Genome Society was conducted. The collaborating laboratories assessed the mutagenicities of a total of 24 chemicals in rats using a single-treatment design and standard protocols for conducting the Pig-a assay on the total red blood cell assay and the PIGRET assay. Here the standard protocol for the PIGRET assay was described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Chikura
- Toxicology Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kimoto
- Toxicology Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512, Japan.
| | - Satoru Itoh
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Sanada
- Development ADMET Department, Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Muto
- Safety Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Horibata
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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Cao Y, Wang X, Liu W, Feng N, Xi J, You X, Chen R, Zhang X, Liu Z, Luan Y. The potential application of human PIG-A assay on azathioprine-treated inflammatory bowel disease patients. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:456-464. [PMID: 31743483 DOI: 10.1002/em.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rodent Pig-a assay has been used extensively as a potential regulatory assay for evaluating the in vivo mutagenicity of test substances. Although the assay can be conducted in different mammalian species, there have been only a few reports describing its use in humans, and rarely in genotoxicant-exposed human populations. In this study, PIG-A mutation frequencies (MFs) were evaluated in 36 azathioprine (AZA; human carcinogen)-treated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and 36 healthy volunteers. IBD patients exhibited a slight but statistically higher MF (6.10 ± 4.44 × 10-6 ) than healthy volunteers (4.97 ± 2.74 × 10-6 ) (P = 0.0489). The estimated relative risk for the exposed patients was 1.22 which indicated that AZA is a risk factor for inducing PIG-A mutation. However, the PIG-A MF showed no associations with AZA treatment duration or total AZA exposure. In addition, we performed the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test on the same samples. The frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear buds (NBUD) in IBD patients (MN: 4.70 ± 2.86‰; NBUD: 1.89 ± 0.95‰) were significantly higher than in healthy volunteers (MN: 1.47 ± 0.77‰, P < 0.001; NBUD: 0.90 ± 0.58‰, P = 0.004). MN frequency also had significant correlations with AZA treatment duration (P = 0.011) and total AZA exposure (P = 0.018). Our findings indicate that AZA-treated IBD patients have only a marginally significant increase in PIG-A MF; in contrast, a much stronger AZA-associated increase in genotoxicity was detected with the lymphocyte MN assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Liu
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Feng
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue You
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - XinYu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chikura S, Kimoto T, Itoh S, Sanada H, Muto S, Horibata K. Standard protocol for the total red blood cell Pig-a assay used in the interlaboratory trial organized by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society. Genes Environ 2019; 41:5. [PMID: 30858897 PMCID: PMC6391751 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pig-a assay, a promising tool for evaluating in vivo genotoxicity, is based on flow cytometric enumeration of red blood cells (RBCs) that are deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein. Various approaches for measuring Pig-a mutant cells have been developed, particularly focusing on measuring mutants in peripheral RBCs and reticulocytes (RETs). The Pig-a assay on concentrated RETs—the PIGRET assay—has the potential to detect genotoxicity in the early stages of a study. To verify the potential and usefulness of the PIGRET assay for short-term testing, we conducted an interlaboratory trial involving 16 laboratories organized by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (MMS/JEMS). The collaborating laboratories assessed the mutagenicity of a total of 24 chemicals in rats using a single-treatment design and standard protocols for conducting the Pig-a assay on total RBCs (the RBC Pig-a assay) and the PIGRET assay. Here, we describe the standard protocol for the RBC Pig-a assay in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Chikura
- 1Toxicology Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512 Japan
| | - Takafumi Kimoto
- 1Toxicology Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512 Japan
| | - Satoru Itoh
- 2Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630 Japan
| | - Hisakazu Sanada
- 3Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 301, Gensuke, Fujieda-shi, Shizuoka, 426-8646 Japan
| | - Shigeharu Muto
- 4Safety Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama, 335-8505 Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Horibata
- 5Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
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Chen G, Wen H, Mao Z, Song J, Jiang H, Wang W, Yang Y, Miao Y, Wang C, Huang Z, Wang X. Assessment of the Pig-a, micronucleus, and comet assay endpoints in rats treated by acute or repeated dosing protocols with procarbazine hydrochloride and ethyl carbamate. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:56-71. [PMID: 30240497 DOI: 10.1002/em.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The utility and sensitivity of the newly developed flow cytometric Pig-a gene mutation assay have become a great concern recently. In this study, we have examined the feasibility of integrating the Pig-a assay as well as micronucleus and Comet endpoints into acute and subchronic general toxicology studies. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 3 or 28 consecutive days by oral gavage with procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ) or ethyl carbamate (EC) up to the maximum tolerated dose. The induction of CD59-negative reticulocytes and erythrocytes, micronucleated reticulocytes in peripheral blood, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow, and Comet responses in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and lung were evaluated at one, two, or more timepoints. Both PCZ and EC produced positive responses at most analyzed timepoints in all tissue types, both with the 3-day and 28-day treatment regimens. Furthermore, comparison of the magnitude of the genotoxicity responses indicated that the micronucleus and Comet endpoints generally produced greater responses with the higher dose, short-term treatments in the 3-day study, while the Pig-a assay responded better to the cumulative effects of the lower dose, but repeated subchronic dosing in the 28-day study. Collectively, these results indicate that integration of several in vivo genotoxicity endpoints into a single routine toxicology study is feasible and that the Pig-a assay may be particularly suitable for integration into subchronic dose studies based on its ability to accumulate the mutations that result from repeated treatments. This characteristic may be especially important for assaying lower doses of relatively weak genotoxicants. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:56-71, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufa Miao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Multi-laboratory evaluation of 1,3-propane sultone, N -propyl- N -nitrosourea, and mitomycin C in the Pig-a mutation assay in vivo. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 831:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Narumi K, Fujiishi Y, Okada E, Ohyama W. Detection of Pig-a gene mutants in rat peripheral blood following a single urethane treatment: A comparison of the RBC Pig-a and PIGRET assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:129-134. [PMID: 27931806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The rat red blood cell (RBC) Pig-a assay has been recommended by an expert working group of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing as a potential new method to evaluate in vivo gene mutations in regulatory genotoxicity risk assessments. In a collaborative study in Japan, an improved Pig-a assay using reticulocytes (PIGRET assay) with magnetic enrichment of CD71-positive cells was evaluated, and it was revealed that this assay could detect the mutagenicity of chemicals earlier than the RBC Pig-a assay could. To verify further the suitability of the PIGRET assay for an in vivo short-term genotoxicity screening test, a joint research study was conducted by the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society, and 24 compounds were evaluated. One of the compounds evaluated in this study was urethane, a multi-organ rodent carcinogen. Urethane (250, 500, and 1000mg/kg body weight) was orally administered once to 8-week-old male Crl:CD (SD) rats. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the administration and processed for the RBC Pig-a and PIGRET assays. In the PIGRET assay, the Pig-a mutant frequency (MF) significantly increased at both 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment of 1000mg/kg of urethane. However, in the RBC Pig-a assay, a significant increase in the Pig-a MF was observed only at 1 week after the treatment with 500mg/kg, but the MF value was within our historical control range; therefore, it was judged to be negative. These results suggest that the PIGRET assay might be useful for evaluating the in vivo mutagenicity more clearly than the RBC Pig-a assay after a single treatment of test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Narumi
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan.
| | - Yohei Fujiishi
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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Tsutsumi E, Momonami A, Hori H, Kitagawa Y. Evaluation of single-dose RBC Pig-a and PIGRET assays in detecting the mutagenicity of thiotepa in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:123-128. [PMID: 27931805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Pig-a assay, which uses reticulocytes (PIGRET assay) as target cells, is anticipated to detect mutagenicity at earlier time points than the RBC Pig-a assay, which uses all red blood cells as target cells. As part of a collaborative study conducted by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study (MMS) Group, we evaluated the PIGRET and RBC Pig-a assays to detect Pig-a gene mutations induced by the carcinogen thiotepa. A single dose of thiotepa at 7.5, 15, and 30mg/kg was administered to 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage. PIGRET and RBC Pig-a assays were performed using peripheral blood collected from rats 7, 14, and 28days after thiotepa administration (Day 0 as the day of administration), and the resulting Pig-a mutant frequencies (MFs) were compared. Increased Pig-a MF was observed from Day 7 onwards using the PIGRET assay. Pig-a MF remained fairly constant thereafter until Day 28 in the 30mg/kg group, whereas it peaked on Day 14 in the 7.5 and 15mg/kg groups. Using the RBC Pig-a assay, on the other hand, no significant increase in MF was observed at any of the dosages on Days 7, 14, or 28. These findings show that Pig-a gene mutations following a single dose of thiotepa were detected using the PIGRET assay but not the RBC Pig-a assay, which suggests that PIGRET assay is more suitable than RBC Pig-a assay for evaluating the in vivo mutagenicity by a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tsutsumi
- Quality Assurance Division, Safety Science Institute, Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Ayaka Momonami
- Quality Assurance Division, Safety Science Institute, Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hisako Hori
- Quality Assurance Division, Safety Science Institute, Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Quality Assurance Division, Safety Science Institute, Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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Kimoto T, Horibata K, Miura D, Chikura S, Okada Y, Ukai A, Itoh S, Nakayama S, Sanada H, Koyama N, Muto S, Uno Y, Yamamoto M, Suzuki Y, Fukuda T, Goto K, Wada K, Kyoya T, Shigano M, Takasawa H, Hamada S, Adachi H, Uematsu Y, Tsutsumi E, Hori H, Kikuzuki R, Ogiwara Y, Yoshida I, Maeda A, Narumi K, Fujiishi Y, Morita T, Yamada M, Honma M. The PIGRET assay, a method for measuring Pig-a gene mutation in reticulocytes, is reliable as a short-term in vivo genotoxicity test: Summary of the MMS/JEMS-collaborative study across 16 laboratories using 24 chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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