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Shavers M, Semones E, Tomi L, Chen J, Straube U, Komiyama T, Shurshakov V, Li C, Rühm W. Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station. Z Med Phys 2024; 34:14-30. [PMID: 37507310 PMCID: PMC10919966 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The Partner Agencies of the International Space Station (ISS) maintain separate career exposure limits and shared Flight Rules that control the ionising radiation exposures that crewmembers can experience due to ambient environments throughout their space missions. In low Earth orbit as well as further out in space, energetic ions referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) easily penetrate spacecraft and spacecraft contents and consequently are always present at low dose rates. Protons and electrons that are trapped in the Earth's geomagnetic field are encountered intermittently, and a rare energetic solar particle event (SPE) may expose crew to (mostly) energetic protons. Space radiation protection goals are to optimize radiation exposures to maintain deleterious late effects at known and acceptable levels and to prevent any early effects that might compromise crew health and mission success. The conventional radiation protection metric effective dose provides a basic framework for limiting exposures associated with human spaceflight and can be communicated to all stakeholders. Additional metrics and uncertainty analyses are required to understand more completely and to convey nuanced information about potential impacts to an individual astronaut or to a space mission. Missions to remote destinations well beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO) are upcoming and bestow additional challenges that shape design and radiation protection needs. NASA has recently adopted a more permissive career exposure limit based upon effective dose and new restrictions on mission exposures imposed by nuclear technologies. This manuscript reviews the exposure limits that apply to the ISS crewmembers. This work was performed in collaboration with the advisory and guidance efforts of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 115 and will be summarized in an upcoming ICRP Report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shavers
- KBR Human Health and Performance, NASA Johnson Space Centre, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Edward Semones
- NASA Space Radiation Analysis Group-Johnson Space Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leena Tomi
- Canadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jing Chen
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ulrich Straube
- European Space Agency ESA, European Astronaut Center EAC, Space Medicine HRE-OM, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatsuto Komiyama
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba Space Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Chunsheng Li
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Werner Rühm
- Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Munich, Germany
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Blokhinа TM, Yashkina EI, Belyaeva AG, Perevezentsev AA, Shtemberg AS, Osipov AN. Long-Term Persistence of Increased Number of γH2AX + Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Monkeys Exposed to Negative Factors of Space Flights: Ionizing Radiation and Simulated Hypogravity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 172:81-84. [PMID: 34791560 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of ionizing radiation and hypogravity as negative factors of space flights on DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rhesus monkeys at different times after exposure (from 1 to 446 days). The proportion of cells with high numbers of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), positive for the surrogate DSB marker-protein γH2AX, was monitored using flow cytometry. Some animals were exposed to 7-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia simulating hypogravity, the others to a combined effect of antiorthostatic hypokinesia, whole-body γ-irradiation (2.34 cGy/h, dose 1 Gy), and irradiation of the head with 12C ions (450 MeV, dose 1 Gy). Exposure to antiorthostatic hypokinesia led to a significant increase in the proportion of γH2AX+ lymphocytes only on the first day after exposure, whereas after combined exposure, increased numbers of damaged lymphocytes were recorded up to 42 days after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Blokhinа
- A. I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Yashkina
- A. I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Belyaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Perevezentsev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Shtemberg
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Osipov
- A. I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia. .,N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Belyaeva AG, Kudrin VS, Koshlan IV, Koshlan NA, Isakova MD, Bogdanova YV, Timoshenko GN, Krasavin EA, Blokhina TM, Yashkina EI, Osipov AN, Nosovsky AN, Perevezentsev AA, Shtemberg AS. Effects of combined exposure to modeled radiation and gravitation factors of the interplanetary flight: Monkeys' cognitive functions and the content of monoamines and their metabolites; cytogenetic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 30:45-54. [PMID: 34281664 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a study on primates (Macaca mulatta), neurobiological and radiobiological effects have been studied of the synchronous combined action of 7-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia and exposure of the monkeys' head first to γ-rays during 24 h and then to accelerated 12C ions. The neurobiological effects were evaluated by the cognitive functions which model the basic elements of operator activity and the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites in peripheral blood. The radiobiological effects were evaluated by the chromosomal aberration and DNA double-strand break (DSB) yield in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results of the cognitive function research show that the typological features of the animals' higher nervous activity are the prevailing factor that determines changes in these functions. The monkey of the strong balanced type effectively retained its cognitive functions after the exposures, while in the weak unbalanced type animals these functions were impaired. These changes went along with a decrease in the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites and an increase in the DNA DSB and chromosomal aberration yield in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Belyaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir S Kudrin
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation; Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor V Koshlan
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Nataliya A Koshlan
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Mariya D Isakova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Yulia V Bogdanova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Gennady N Timoshenko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Evgeny A Krasavin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Taisia M Blokhina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation; Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Elizaveta I Yashkina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andreyan N Osipov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation; Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey N Nosovsky
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexandr A Perevezentsev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey S Shtemberg
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Feiveson A, George K, Shavers M, Moreno-Villanueva M, Zhang Y, Babiak-Vazquez A, Crucian B, Semones E, Wu H. Predicting chromosome damage in astronauts participating in international space station missions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5293. [PMID: 33674665 PMCID: PMC7935859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Space radiation consists of energetic protons and other heavier ions. During the International Space Station program, chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of astronauts have been analyzed to estimate received biological doses of space radiation. More specifically, pre-flight blood samples were exposed ex vivo to varying doses of gamma rays, while post-flight blood samples were collected shortly and several months after landing. Here, in a study of 43 crew-missions, we investigated whether individual radiosensitivity, as determined by the ex vivo dose-response of the pre-flight chromosome aberration rate (CAR), contributes to the prediction of the post-flight CAR incurred from the radiation exposure during missions. Random-effects Poisson regression was used to estimate subject-specific radiosensitivities from the preflight dose-response data, which were in turn used to predict post-flight CAR and subject-specific relative biological effectiveness (RBEs) between space radiation and gamma radiation. Covariates age, gender were also considered. Results indicate that there is predictive value in background CAR as well as radiosensitivity determined preflight for explaining individual differences in post-flight CAR over and above that which could be explained by BFO dose alone. The in vivo RBE for space radiation was estimated to be approximately 3 relative to the ex vivo dose response to gamma irradiation. In addition, pre-flight radiosensitivity tended to be higher for individuals having a higher background CAR, suggesting that individuals with greater radiosensitivity can be more sensitive to other environmental stressors encountered in daily life. We also noted that both background CAR and radiosensitivity tend to increase with age, although both are highly variable. Finally, we observed no significant difference between the observed CAR shortly after mission and at > 6 months post-mission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Box 30, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ye Zhang
- Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.
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Beaton-Green LA, Barr T, Ainsbury EA, Wilkins RC. Retrospective Biodosimetry of an Occupational Overexposure-Case Study. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:254-259. [PMID: 27431686 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, Health Canada was approached by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission to conduct biodosimetry for a possible overexposure 4 y prior to assessment. Dose estimates were determined by means of two cytogenetic assays, the dicentric chromosome assay (DCA) and translocations as measured by the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). As dicentrics are considered to be unstable over time, the results of the DCA were adjusted to account for the time elapsed between the suspected exposure and sampling. The frequency of damage was then compared to Health Canada's calibration curves, respectively, to calculate dose. In addition, the translocation data were corrected for age-related increases in background. With a half-life of 36 months for dicentric chromosomes taken into consideration, the dose estimates from both assays were in agreement. Due to the uncertainty in the half-life of dicentrics, the FISH assay is considered to be more reliable as a technique for retrospective biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Beaton-Green
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, Canada ON K1A 1C1
| | - T Barr
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Canada ON K1P 5S9
| | - E A Ainsbury
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - R C Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, Canada ON K1A 1C1
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Construction of a cytogenetic dose–response curve for low-dose range gamma-irradiation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using three-color FISH. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 794:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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