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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Dogliotti E, Francesconi K, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8844. [PMID: 38957748 PMCID: PMC11217773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a risk assessment on small organoarsenic species in food. For monomethylarsonic acid MMA(V), decreased body weight resulting from diarrhoea in rats was identified as the critical endpoint and a BMDL10 of 18.2 mg MMA(V)/kg body weight (bw) per day (equivalent to 9.7 mg As/kg bw per day) was calculated as a reference point (RP). For dimethylarsinic acid DMA(V), increased incidence in urinary bladder tumours in rats was identified as the critical endpoint. A BMDL10 of 1.1 mg DMA(V)/kg bw per day (equivalent to 0.6 mg As/kg bw per day) was calculated as an RP. For other small organoarsenic species, the toxicological data are insufficient to identify critical effects and RPs, and they could not be included in the risk assessment. For both MMA(V) and DMA(V), the toxicological database is incomplete and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied for risk characterisation. The highest chronic dietary exposure to DMA(V) was estimated in 'Toddlers', with rice and fish meat as the main contributors across population groups. For MMA(V), the highest chronic dietary exposures were estimated for high consumers of fish meat and processed/preserved fish in 'Infants' and 'Elderly' age class, respectively. For MMA(V), an MOE of ≥ 500 was identified not to raise a health concern. For MMA(V), all MOEs were well above 500 for average and high consumers and thus do not raise a health concern. For DMA(V), an MOE of 10,000 was identified as of low health concern as it is genotoxic and carcinogenic, although the mechanisms of genotoxicity and its role in carcinogenicity of DMA(V) are not fully elucidated. For DMA(V), MOEs were below 10,000 in many cases across dietary surveys and age groups, in particular for some 95th percentile exposures. The Panel considers that this would raise a health concern.
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Speer RM, Zhou X, Volk LB, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Arsenic and cancer: Evidence and mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 96:151-202. [PMID: 36858772 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a potent carcinogen and poses a significant health concern worldwide. Exposure occurs through ingestion of drinking water and contaminated foods and through inhalation due to pollution. Epidemiological evidence shows arsenic induces cancers of the skin, lung, liver, and bladder among other tissues. While studies in animal and cell culture models support arsenic as a carcinogen, the mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis are not fully understood. Arsenic carcinogenesis is a complex process due its ability to be metabolized and because of the many cellular pathways it targets in the cell. Arsenic metabolism and the multiple forms of arsenic play distinct roles in its toxicity and contribute differently to carcinogenic endpoints, and thus must be considered. Arsenic generates reactive oxygen species increasing oxidative stress and damaging DNA and other macromolecules. Concurrently, arsenic inhibits DNA repair, modifies epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and targets protein function due its ability to replace zinc in select proteins. While these mechanisms contribute to arsenic carcinogenesis, there remain significant gaps in understanding the complex nature of arsenic cancers. In the future improving models available for arsenic cancer research and the use of arsenic induced human tumors will bridge some of these gaps in understanding arsenic driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Speer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Lindsay B Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Ma H, Song X, Huang P, Zhang W, Ling X, Yang X, Wu W, Xu H, Wang W. Myricetin protects natural killer cells from arsenite induced DNA damage by attenuating oxidative stress and retaining poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 activity. Mutat Res 2021; 865:503337. [PMID: 33865543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to arsenite (As+3) is known to induce immunotoxicity. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells act as professional killers of tumor cells. Our previous report indicated that 500 ppb As+3 drinking water exposure induced significant DNA damage in the NK cells of C57BL/6 mice. Myricetin is a plant-derived flavonoid known as a strong antioxidant. In this study, daily administration of myricetin at 20 mg/kg was found to alleviate the cell population decrease and DNA damage in the NK cells of BALB/c mice exposed to 500 and 1000 ppb As+3 via drinking water. Oxidative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) inhibition were induced by As+3 at 1 and 2 μM in isolated mouse NK cells in vitro, which were attenuated by 20 μM myricetin. The mitigatory effect of myricetin on the PARP-1 inhibition in NK cells treated with As+3 was also found to be the result of its prevention of the zinc loss induced by As+3 on PARP-1. Collectively, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that myricetin could protect NK cells from As+3 induced DNA through attenuating oxidative stress and retaining PARP-1 activity, indicating that myricetin may be utilized for the prevention of the immunotoxicity induced by As+3 in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ma
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaodong Song
- Medical Laboratory Department, Hua Shan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201907, China
| | - Ping Huang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinyue Ling
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenwei Wu
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Huan Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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Lou K, Huang P, Ma H, Wang X, Xu H, Wang W. Orlistat increases arsenite tolerance in THP-1 derived macrophages through the up-regulation of ABCA1. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:274-282. [PMID: 31665930 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1683571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Orlistat is an FDA-approved over-the-counter drug to treat obesity through the inhibition of lipase activity. Macrophages, which express high levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), are important phagocytes in the innate immune system. Our previous studies indicated that environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenite (As+3) could inhibit the major immune functions of macrophages. As the down-regulation of LPL is known to increase the expression of ABCA1, the cholesterol exporter demonstrated to be related to the resistance of arsenic toxicity. We examined if orlistat could reverse the inhibitive effects of As+3 on macrophage functions. The results showed that 50 μM orlistat reversed As+3-induced suppressions on phagocytosis, NO production and cytokine secretion in THP-1 derived macrophages. The expression of ABCA1 was significantly increased by orlistat in As+3 co-treated macrophages, which was associated with decreased intracellular As+3 levels. Collectively, these results indicated that orlistat could reverse the suppressive effects induced by As+3 in macrophages through the increased expression of ABCA1, which has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for arsenic-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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