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Li D, Cheng W, Zhou X, Zheng X, Ren J, Meng T. Insight into the role of stress response and toxic mechanism induced by Chloro-haloacetonitrile in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116999. [PMID: 39244879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Chloro-haloacetonitrile (Cl-HAN), belongs to a group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) found in surface water, and are known to pose a major risk to the safety of human drinking water. However, the exact biological toxicity mechanism and the extent of the stress response caused by Cl-HAN remain unclear, resulting in a lack of effective measures to control its presence. Thus, the quantitative toxicological genomics and bioinformatics methods were applied to explore the effects of three chloro-haloacetonitriles (Cl-HANs) on the transcription of fusion genes under varying concentrations of stress in E. coli over 2-hour period. The initial stress response and their toxic mechanism were analyzed. The study also identified the molecular toxicity endpoint, and the core genes that are responsible for the specific toxicity of different Cl-HANs. Cl-HANs exhibited concentration-dependent characteristics of toxic effects, and caused changes in gene expression related oxidative and membrane stress. The stress response results showed that dichloroacetonitrile (dCAN) still caused significant DNA damage under the lowest concentration stress. Chloroacetonitrile (CAN) and trichloroacetonitrile (tCAN) exhibited lower genetic toxicity levels at 513 μg/L and 10.7 μg/L, respectively. The toxic effects of tCAN were widespread. And there was a good correlation between the molecular endpoint (EC-TELI1.5) and the phenotypic endpoint (LD50) with rp=-0.8634 (P=0.0593). In all concentrations of stress in CAN, dCAN, and tCAN, the number of overexpressed genes shared was 15, 2, and 14, respectively. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that Cl-HANs affected genes associated with general stress pathways, such as cell biochemistry and physical homeostasis, resulting in changes in biological processes. And for CAN-induced DNA damage, polA played a dominant role, while katG, oxyR, and ahpC were the core genes involved in oxidative stress induced by dCAN and tCAN, respectively. These findings provide valuable data for the toxic effect of Cl-HANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Power China Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, PR China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China
| | - Jiehui Ren
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China.
| | - Ting Meng
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China
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Liu T, Zheng X, Guo M, Bao D, Yang H. The genotoxicity impact of heavy metals on the Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:4585-4597. [PMID: 37727136 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2260120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In present work, the genotoxicity of Hg2+, Ag+, Cr6+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cr3+ was investigated via a quantitative toxicogenomics assay, to understand the toxic mechanism of heavy metals with greater depth. Under the experimental conditions, Hg2+, Ag+, and Cr6+ showed a more serious toxic impact on the expression of functional genes (eg., oxyR, katG, grxA, osmE, emrE, dinG) than Ni2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cr3+, while the protein, oxidative, and membrane stress response pathways were more sensitive to the toxicity of Hg2+, Ag+, and Cr6+ than the DNA and general stress response pathways. Compared with the other kinds of heavy metals, Ni2+, Pb2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ altered the expression of functional genes (uvrY, recX, mutY, and sbmC) related to the DNA stress response pathways more seriously, while Zn2+ and Cr3+ changed the expression of the functional genes (yfjG, ydgL, ssrA, and osmC) associated with the general stress response pathway more significantly. Meanwhile, the toxicity of Ni2+, Pb2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ was slightly higher than that of Zn2+ and Cr3+ in terms of the total value of transcriptional effect level Index (TELI) by detecting the promoter activities of different functional genes. In addition, to survive the toxicity of heavy metals, the expression of multidrug efflux genes (ydgL, cyoA, emrA, and emrE) and toxicity-resistant genes (Ion, dnaJ, clpB, mutY, dnaK, rpoD, sbmC) mainly functioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zheng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- National Supervision & Inspection Center of Environmental Protection Equipment Quality, Jiangsu, Yixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongguan Bao
- Shanghai Hanyuan Engineering & Technology Company Limited, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Shao Z, Chen G, Lin B, Li D, Chen J. Assessment of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide on airborne bacteria: Disinfection efficiency and induction of antibiotic resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134697. [PMID: 38823102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens severely threaten public health worldwide. Air disinfection is essential to ensure public health. However, excessive use of disinfectants may endanger environmental and ecological security due to the residual disinfectants and their by-products. This study systematically evaluated disinfection efficiency, induction of multidrug resistance, and the underlying mechanisms of disinfectants (NaClO and H2O2) on airborne bacteria. The results showed that airborne bacteria were effectively inactivated by atomized NaClO (>160 μg/L) and H2O2 (>320 μg/L) after 15 min. However, some bacteria still survived after disinfection by atomized NaClO (0-80 μg/L) and H2O2 (0-160 μg/L), and they exhibited significant increases in antibiotic resistance. The whole-genome sequencing of the resistant bacteria revealed distinct mutations that were responsible for both antibiotic resistance and virulence. This study also provided evidences and insights into possible mechanisms underlying the induction of antibiotic resistance by air disinfection, which involved intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, oxidative stress responses, alterations in bacterial membranes, activation of efflux pumps, and the thickening of biofilms. The present results also shed light on the role of air disinfection in inducing antibiotic resistance, which could be a crucial factor contributing to the global spread of antibiotic resistance through the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiwei Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Shanghai Chengtou Sewage Treatment Co., LtD., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bingjie Lin
- Shanghai Chengtou Sewage Treatment Co., LtD., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Vodicka P, Vodenkova S, Horak J, Opattova A, Tomasova K, Vymetalkova V, Stetina R, Hemminki K, Vodickova L. An investigation of DNA damage and DNA repair in chemical carcinogenesis triggered by small-molecule xenobiotics and in cancer: Thirty years with the comet assay. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 885:503564. [PMID: 36669813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we addressed the determination of DNA damage induced by small-molecule carcinogens, considered their persistence in DNA and mutagenicity in in vitro and in vivo systems over a period of 30 years. The review spans from the investigation of the role of DNA damage in the cascade of chemical carcinogenesis. In the nineties, this concept evolved into the biomonitoring studies comprising multiple biomarkers that not only reflected DNA/chromosomal damage, but also the potential of the organism for biotransformation/elimination of various xenobiotics. Since first years of the new millennium, dynamic system of DNA repair and host susceptibility factors started to appear in studies and a considerable knowledge has been accumulated on carcinogens and their role in carcinogenesis. It was understood that the final biological links bridging the arising DNA damage and cancer onset remain to be elucidated. In further years the community of scientists learnt that cancer is a multifactorial disease evolving over several decades of individual´s life. Moreover, DNA damage and DNA repair are inseparable players also in treatment of malignant diseases, but affect substantially other processes, such as degeneration. Functional monitoring of DNA repair pathways and DNA damage response may cast some light on above aspects. Very little is currently known about the relationship between telomere homeostasis and DNA damage formation and repair. DNA damage/repair in genomic and mitochondrial DNA and crosstalk between these two entities emerge as a new interesting topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Horak
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Opattova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Tomasova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Stetina
- Department of Research and Development, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 691 20 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Centre in Pilsen, Charles University, 306 05 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Yang H, Li X, Zheng X, Zhi H, Tang G, Ke Y, Liu B, Ma H. Comparing the toxicity of iodinated X-ray contrast media on eukaryote- and prokaryote-based quantified microarray assays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113678. [PMID: 35653977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the toxicity mechanisms of four X-ray-based iodinated contrast media (ICM) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and yeast microarray assays, aiming to determine the diverse toxicity mechanisms among different exposed organisms and the relationship between toxicity and their physical and chemical characteristics. The conventional phenotypic endpoint cytotoxicity and the change in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were employed in conjunction with toxicogenomics to quantify changes in the gene/protein biomarker level in the regulation of different damage/repair pathways. The results showed that molecular toxicity endpoints, named transcriptional effect level index (TELI) and protein effect level index (PELI) for E. coli and yeast, respectively, correlated well with the phenotypic endpoints. Temporal altered gene/protein expression profiles revealed dynamic and complex damage/toxic mechanisms. In particular, compared with E. coli cells, yeast cells exposed to ICM exhibited significantly higher stress intensity and diverse stress types, resulting in stress or damage to the organism. The toxic mechanisms of ICM are concentration/property-dependent and relevant to the cellular structure and defense systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In particular, the toxicity of ionic ICM is higher than that of non-ionic ICM, and eukaryotes are more susceptible than prokaryotes to ICM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Hegang Zhi
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, United States
| | - Gang Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yanchun Ke
- Aerospace Kaitian environmental technology co. ltd., Changsha 410100, China
| | - Bao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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Thompson MK, Nocedal I, Culviner PH, Zhang T, Gozzi KR, Laub MT. Escherichia coli SymE is a DNA-binding protein that can condense the nucleoid. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:851-870. [PMID: 34964191 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems typically consist of a protein toxin that imbeds in the inner membrane where it can oligomerize and form pores that change membrane permeability, and an RNA antitoxin that interacts directly with toxin mRNA to inhibit its translation. In Escherichia coli, symE/symR is annotated as a type I TA system with a non-canonical toxin. SymE was initially suggested to be an endoribonuclease, but has predicted structural similarity to DNA binding proteins. To better understand SymE function, we used RNA-seq to examine cells ectopically producing it. Although SymE drives major changes in gene expression, we do not find strong evidence of endoribonucleolytic activity. Instead, our biochemical and cell biological studies indicate that SymE binds DNA. We demonstrate that the toxicity of symE overexpression likely stems from its ability to drive severe nucleoid condensation, which disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis and leads to DNA damage, similar to the effects of overproducing the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS. Collectively, our results suggest that SymE represents a new class of nucleoid-associated proteins that is widely distributed in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Thompson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Isabel Nocedal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter H Culviner
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin R Gozzi
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael T Laub
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Hu X, Biswas A, Sharma A, Sarkodie H, Tran I, Pal I, De S. Mutational signatures associated with exposure to carcinogenic microplastic compounds bisphenol A and styrene oxide. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab004. [PMID: 33718875 PMCID: PMC7936647 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic pollutants in oceans and food chains are concerning to public health. Common plasticizing compounds Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Styrene-7,8-Oxide (SO) are now labeled as carcinogens. We show that BPA and SO cause deoxyribonucleic acid damage and mutagenesis in human cells, and analyze the genome-wide point mutation and genomic rearrangement patterns associated with BPA and SO exposure. A subset of the single- and doublet base substitutions shows mutagenesis near or at guanine, consistent with these compounds' preferences to form guanosine adducts. Presence of other mutational signatures suggest additional mutagenesis probably due to complex effects of BPA and SO on diverse cellular processes. Analyzing data for 19 cancer cohorts, we find that tumors of digestive and urinary organs show relatively high similarity in mutational profiles, and the burden of such mutations increases with age. Even within the same cancer type, proportions of corresponding mutational patterns vary among the cohorts from different countries, as does the amount of microplastic waste in ocean waters. BPA and SO are relatively mild mutagens, and other environmental agents can also potentially generate similar, complex mutational patterns in cancer genomes. Nonetheless, our findings call for systematic evaluation of public health consequences of microplastic exposure worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Antara Biswas
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Halle Sarkodie
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ivy Tran
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Indrani Pal
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, NY 10025, USA
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Zhang Q, Fang G, Chen W, Zhong X, Long Y, Qin H, Ye J. The molecular effects of ultrasound on the expression of cellular proteome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137439. [PMID: 32143036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High frequency and low intensity, diagnostic ultrasound methods are recognized to be safe in epidemiology and pathology but the bioeffects of these methods on molecular and proteomic levels are unknown. As a representative organism that can directly reflect the molecular response to stresses, Escherichia coli was selected for exposure to ultrasound probes C1-5, M5s and 9 L for 10 min and 20 min. ITRAQ was used to measure the expression of the cellular proteome. The results showed that both the frequency and time of exposure to ultrasound affected the proteome expression. Fifty biological processes were affected and nineteen metabolic processes, including carbohydrate metabolism, asparagine metabolism and phosphate import were differentially regulated. Lower frequency ultrasound caused copper export and iron‑sulfur cluster biosynthesis upregulation. Nine proteins (GlpD, AsnB, TdcB, CopA, IscR, IscU, IscS, IscA, RecA) were key for the adaption to ultrasound. Accordingly, the results of the potential risks based on the calculation of the orthologous genome clarified that relevant pathways and potentially sensitive individuals were worthy of further study. These findings offer insights into reveal the bioeffects of ultrasound at the metabolic network and proteomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guiting Fang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huaming Qin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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