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Mir TUG, Malik AQ, Shukla S, Singh J, Kumar D. Facile Synthesis of S-doped Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Application in the Detection of Sudan I in Saffron. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:253-263. [PMID: 37195542 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study employed citric acid as a carbon source and thiourea as a sulphur source to conduct a straightforward one-step microwave synthesis of sulphur-doped carbon quantum dots (SCQDs). For the characterization of as-synthesized SCQDs, several methods such as fluorescence spectroscopy, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential analyzer were utilized. XRD and XPS spectroscopy are used to examine the chemical composition and morphological aspects. These QDs have a limited size distribution spanning up to 5.89 nm, with a maximum distribution at 7 nm, according to zeta size analyser examinations. At an excitation wavelength of 340 nm, the highest fluorescence intensity (FL intensity) of SCQDs was attained. With a detection limit of 0.77 M, the synthesized SCQDs were employed as an efficient fluorescent probe for the detection of Sudan I in saffron samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ul Gani Mir
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Azad Qayoom Malik
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Shukla
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Jaskaran Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Geeta University, Naultha, Panipat, 132145, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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Josephy PD, Allen-Vercoe E. Reductive metabolism of azo dyes and drugs: Toxicological implications. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113932. [PMID: 37451600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Azo compounds are widely distributed synthetic chemicals in the modern world. Their most important applications are as dyes, but, in addition, several azo compounds are used as pharmaceuticals. Ingested azo compounds can be reduced by the action of bacteria in the gut, where the oxygen tension is low, and the development of microbiome science has allowed more precise delineation of the roles of specific bacteria in these processes. Reduction of the azo bond of an azo compound generates two distinct classes of aromatic amine metabolites: the starting material that was used in the synthesis of the azo compound and a product which is formed de novo by metabolism. Reductive metabolism of azo compounds can have toxic consequences, because many aromatic amines are toxic/genotoxic. In this review, we discuss aspects of the development and application of azo compounds in industry and medicine. Current understanding of the toxicology of azo compounds and their metabolites is illustrated with four specific examples - Disperse Dyes used for dyeing textiles; the drugs phenazopyridine and eltrombopag; and the ubiquitous food dye, tartrazine - and knowledge gaps are identified. SUBMISSION TO: FCT VSI: Toxicology of Dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Josephy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Du N, Huang LY, Xiong YS, Tian R, Yin JY, Cao DY, Hu DB, Lu HQ, Li W, Li K. Micro-mechanism insights into the adsorption of anionic dyes using quaternary ammonium-functionalised chitosan aerogels. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120855. [PMID: 37182955 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of adsorbents with outstanding adsorption capacities, wide versatility, and excellent recyclability for the removal of organic dyes remains a challenge. In this study, a quaternised chitosan-based aerogel (QCSA) was fabricated via a facile method to effectively treat concomitant anionic dyes. Porous QCSA with high hydrophilicity, nontoxicity, excellent thermal stability, and sustainability exhibits adsorption properties superior to most previously reported adsorbents. The equilibrium adsorption capacities for Congo red, Sunset yellow, and Methyl orange were 1259.6, 550.2, and 607.5 mg/g, respectively. Notably, the spent QCSA exhibits excellent cyclic performance. The multilayer adsorption, external-internal mass transfer resistance, and adsorption on the active site models were employed to enable a more accurate description of the dynamic characteristics, confirming that double-layer chemisorption was the dominant process. A quantitative analysis of the electrostatic potential and the independent gradient model further verified that electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces led to the highly efficient adsorption of dye molecules. Therefore, the eco-friendly and recyclable QCSA is a promising adsorbent for trapping anionic dyes from aquatic systems.
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Bienstock RJ, Perera L, Pasquinelli MA. Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites. Front Chem 2022; 10:880782. [PMID: 35815205 PMCID: PMC9261194 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.880782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azo dyes are defined by the presence of a characteristic N=N group. Sudan I and Sudan II are synthetic azo dyes that have been used as coloring agents. Although animal toxicity studies suggest that Sudan dyes are mutagenic, their molecular mechanism of action is unknown, thus making it challenging to establish thresholds for tolerable daily intake or to understand how these molecules could be modified to ameliorate toxicity. In addition, dye metabolites, such as azobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl, have been correlated with epigenetic alterations. We shed some light on the mechanisms of Sudan dye genotoxicity through a molecular modeling study of Sudan I and Sudan II dyes and two common metabolites interacting with DNA as adducts. The results suggest that all four adducts cause significant perturbations to the DNA helical conformation and structure; thus, it can be inferred that DNA repair and replication processes would be significantly impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle J. Bienstock
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lalith Perera
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Lalith Perera, ; Melissa A. Pasquinelli,
| | - Melissa A. Pasquinelli
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Lalith Perera, ; Melissa A. Pasquinelli,
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Eteng OE, Moses CA, Ugwor EI, Enobong JE, Akamo AJ, Adeleke U, Iwara A, Ubana E. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil on hematology-related parameters in male albino rats. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2059743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ofem E. Eteng
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ceaser A. Moses
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel I. Ugwor
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Joe E. Enobong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Adio J. Akamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Usman Adeleke
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Arikpo Iwara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Eyong Ubana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Wan S, Xu O, Zhang Y, Li J, Shen Y, Zhu X. Pyridine Ionic Liquid Functionalized MOF-5 Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Analysis of Allura Red in Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kutarna S, Tang S, Hu X, Peng H. Enhanced Nontarget Screening Algorithm Reveals Highly Abundant Chlorinated Azo Dye Compounds in House Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4729-4739. [PMID: 33719414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans spend 90% of their time indoors, but the majority of indoor pollutants remain unknown. In this study, a nontarget screening algorithm with reduced false discovery rates was developed to screen indoor pollutants using the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) database. First, a putative lock mass algorithm was developed for post-acquisition calibration of Orbitrap mass spectra to sub-ppm mass accuracy. Then, a one-stop screening algorithm was developed by combining MS1 spectra, isotopic peaks, retention time prediction, and in silico MS2 spectra. A sufficient true positive rate (73%) and false discovery rate (5%) were achieved for the screening of halogenated compounds at a score cutoff of 0.28. Above this cutoff, 427 chemicals were detected from 24 house dust samples, including 39 chlorinated compounds. While some identified halogenated compounds (e.g., triclosan) are well known, 18 previously unrecognized chlorinated azo dyes were detected with high abundance as the largest class of chlorinated compounds. Two chlorinated azo dyes were confirmed with authentic standards, but the two most abundant chlorinated azo dyes were missed by the algorithm due to the limited breadth of the TSCA database. These compounds were annotated as chlorinated analogues of Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 using the DIPIC-Frag method. This study revealed the presence of highly abundant chlorinated azo dyes in house dusts, highlighting their potential health risks in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kutarna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nour HF, E. Abdel Mageid R, Radwan EK, Khattab TA, Olson MA, El Malah T. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies for the removal of toxic reactive dyestuffs from contaminated water using a viologen-based covalent polymer. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02488d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A polyviologen-based adsorbent was prepared via polymerization of a viologen-dialdehyde with a hydroxyl-substituted aryl-dihydrazide in acidified water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany F. Nour
- National Research Centre, Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Randa E. Abdel Mageid
- National Research Centre, Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad K. Radwan
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, 33 El Buhouth Street, P. O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tawfik A. Khattab
- National Research Centre, Dyeing, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, Textile Industries Research Division, 33 El Buhouth Street, P. O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mark A. Olson
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, lL 60208, USA
| | - Tamer El Malah
- National Research Centre, Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Bafana A, Khan F, Suguna K. Purification, characterization, and crystal structure of YhdA-type azoreductase from Bacillus velezensis. Proteins 2020; 89:483-492. [PMID: 33289153 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Azoreductases are being extensively investigated for their ability to initiate degradation of recalcitrant azo dyes through reduction of azo bonds. There is great interest in studying their diversity, structure, and function to facilitate better understanding and effective application. Current study reports azoreductase enzyme from Bacillus velezensis, which showed 69.5% identity to the Bacillus subtilis azoreductase YhdA. The enzyme was homotetrameric and molecular weight of each subunit was 20 kDa. It decolorized azo dyes with different structures. The Vmax for decolorization of congo red, methyl orange and methyl red was 14.7, 28.6, and 77.9 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The enzyme contained FMN as cofactor and used NADPH as the favored co-substrate. It was oxygen-insensitive, but the presence of reducing agents enhanced its activity, which is a new finding. The azoreductase expression in B. velezensis was found to be unaffected by addition of azo dyes, although azo dyes are known to induce azoreductase expression in few organisms. The enzyme was thermostable with melting temperature of 89.5°C and functioned in wide temperature range. Further, the enzyme was crystallized and its structure was solved. The structural basis of its functional attributes is discussed. In our knowledge, this is the first report on characterization of azoreductase enzyme from B. velezensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bafana
- Director's Research Cell, CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur, India
| | - Farha Khan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kaza Suguna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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