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Niendorf T, Beenakker JWM, Langner S, Erb-Eigner K, Bach Cuadra M, Beller E, Millward JM, Niendorf TM, Stachs O. Ophthalmic Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Where Are We (Heading To)? Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1251-1270. [PMID: 33535828 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1874021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging of the eye and orbit (MReye) is a cross-domain research field, combining (bio)physics, (bio)engineering, physiology, data sciences and ophthalmology. A growing number of reports document technical innovations of MReye and promote their application in preclinical research and clinical science. Realizing the progress and promises, this review outlines current trends in MReye. Examples of MReye strategies and their clinical relevance are demonstrated. Frontier applications in ocular oncology, refractive surgery, ocular muscle disorders and orbital inflammation are presented and their implications for explorations into ophthalmic diseases are provided. Substantial progress in anatomically detailed, high-spatial resolution MReye of the eye, orbit and optic nerve is demonstrated. Recent developments in MReye of ocular tumors are explored, and its value for personalized eye models derived from machine learning in the treatment planning of uveal melanoma and evaluation of retinoblastoma is highlighted. The potential of MReye for monitoring drug distribution and for improving treatment management and the assessment of individual responses is discussed. To open a window into the eye and into (patho)physiological processes that in the past have been largely inaccessible, advances in MReye at ultrahigh magnetic field strengths are discussed. A concluding section ventures a glance beyond the horizon and explores future directions of MReye across multiple scales, including in vivo electrolyte mapping of sodium and other nuclei. This review underscores the need for the (bio)medical imaging and ophthalmic communities to expand efforts to find solutions to the remaining unsolved problems and technical obstacles of MReye, with the objective to transfer methodological advancements driven by MR physics into genuine clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoralf Niendorf
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Willem M Beenakker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sönke Langner
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katharina Erb-Eigner
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meritxell Bach Cuadra
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Lausanne University and University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ebba Beller
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jason M Millward
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Stachs
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Hoff MN, McKinney A, Shellock FG, Rassner U, Gilk T, Watson RE, Greenberg TD, Froelich J, Kanal E. Safety Considerations of 7-T MRI in Clinical Practice. Radiology 2019; 292:509-518. [PMID: 31310177 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019182742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although 7-T MRI has recently received approval for use in clinical patient care, there are distinct safety issues associated with this relatively high magnetic field. Forces on metallic implants and radiofrequency power deposition and heating are safety considerations at 7 T. Patient bioeffects such as vertigo, dizziness, false feelings of motion, nausea, nystagmus, magnetophosphenes, and electrogustatory effects are more common and potentially more pronounced at 7 T than at lower field strengths. Herein the authors review safety issues associated with 7-T MRI. The rationale for safety concerns at this field strength are discussed as well as potential approaches to mitigate risk to patients and health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Hoff
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Alexander McKinney
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Frank G Shellock
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Ulrich Rassner
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Tobias Gilk
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Robert E Watson
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Todd D Greenberg
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Jerry Froelich
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
| | - Emanuel Kanal
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7117 (M.N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (A.M., J.F.); Department of Clinical Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (F.G.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (U.R.); RADIOLOGY-Planning, Kansas City, Mo (T.G.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (R.E.W.); G3 Global Group, Boulder, Colo, Mo (T.D.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (E.K.)
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