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Benagiano V, Rizzi A, Sannace C, Alessio G, Ribatti D, Dammacco R. Aqueous humor as eye lymph: A crossroad between venous and lymphatic system. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109904. [PMID: 38642600 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AQH) is a transparent fluid with characteristics similar to those of the interstitial fluid, which fills the eyeball posterior and anterior chambers and circulates in them from the sites of production to those of drainage. The AQH volume and pressure homeostasis is essential for the trophism of the ocular avascular tissues and their normal structure and function. Different AQH outflow pathways exist, including a main pathway, quite well defined anatomically and referred to as the conventional pathway, and some accessory pathways, more recently described and still not fully morphofunctionally understood, generically referred to as unconventional pathways. The conventional pathway is based on the existence of a series of conduits starting with the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's Canal and continuing with a system of intrascleral and episcleral venules, which are tributaries to veins of the anterior segment of the eyeball. The unconventional pathways are mainly represented by the uveoscleral pathway, in which AQH flows through clefts, interstitial conduits located in the ciliary body and sclera, and then merges into the aforementioned intrascleral and episcleral venules. A further unconventional pathway, the lymphatic pathway, has been supported by the demonstration of lymphatic microvessels in the limbal sclera and, possibly, in the uvea (ciliary body, choroid) as well as by the ocular glymphatic channels, present in the neural retina and optic nerve. It follows that AQH may be drained from the eyeball through blood vessels (TM-SC pathway, US pathway) or lymphatic vessels (lymphatic pathway), and the different pathways may integrate or compensate for each other, optimizing the AQH drainage. The present review aims to define the state-of-the-art concerning the structural organization and the functional anatomy of all the AQH outflow pathways. Particular attention is paid to examining the regulatory mechanisms active in each of them. The new data on the anatomy and physiology of AQH outflow pathways is the key to understanding the pathophysiology of AQH outflow disorders and could open the way for novel approaches to their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Benagiano
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.
| | - Anna Rizzi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Carmela Sannace
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Bari, Ophthalmology Day Service Triggiano-Gioia del Colle, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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Zengin S, Mercan S, Tarhan D, Gök A, Ercan AM. Age-related changes on physicochemical properties of the artificial vitreous humor: A practical tool for enhancing ex vivo studies. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109762. [PMID: 38147936 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The vitreous humor (VH) is a hydrophilic, jelly-like ocular fluid, which is located in the posterior chamber of the eye. The rheological, structural, and chemical properties of VH change significantly during aging, which further causes eye-associated diseases and could be a potential indicator for various diseases. In this study, artificial VH (A-VH) samples were created by taking into account different age groups to observe age-related changes in the physicochemical properties of these samples. This study aimed to measure the physicochemical properties of age-dependently prepared A-VH samples to determine the changes with aging in the physicochemical properties of A-VH samples. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-based A-VH samples were prepared in three types representing adult, middle-aged, and elder individuals. Age-related changes in physicochemical properties (surface tension, osmolality, pH, relative viscosity, density, and refractive index) were analyzed by related equipment. The A-VH samples, prepared using PBS, showed strong similarity to authentic VH in terms of physicochemical properties. While the age-related changes studies have revealed some discrepancies between age-dependently prepared A-VH samples in terms of surface tension, osmolality, relative viscosity, and pH with high correlation coefficients (r2 > 0,94), density and refractive index values did not show any significant differences and correlation between types of A-VH representing 3 age groups. In conclusion, age-dependent A-VH samples were created successfully to use ex vivo method development studies, and the influence of aging on the physicochemical properties of VH was demonstrated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Zengin
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Mercan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Tarhan
- Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Gök
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Meltem Ercan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Deng S, Huang S, Yang A, Muir ER. Imaging ocular water inflow in the mouse with deuterium oxide MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 101:47-53. [PMID: 36965834 PMCID: PMC11104035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal intraocular fluid flow or clearance is involved with a variety of eye diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, but measurement of water exchange dynamics in the vitreous and aqueous remain challenging. 2H MRI can be used to image deuterium oxide (D₂O) as a tracer, but the signal-to-noise ratio for deuterium is low due to its low concentration, which has hampered its application to imaging the eye. To overcome this challenge, we investigated the feasibility of direct D2O MRI to measure water dynamics in the mouse eye. The balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence provided substantially higher signal-to-noise ratio for imaging D2O in fluid compared to standard gradient echo and spin echo sequences. bSSFP allowed dynamic imaging of intraocular water inflow in the mouse with 41 s temporal resolution. The inflow rate in the vitreous was found to be faster than in the aqueous. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo imaging of water inflow dynamics into the both the vitreous and aqueous in mice, which could be useful in studies of abnormal fluid exchange in rodent models of eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Deng
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alivia Yang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Eric R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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Human Pro370Leu Mutant Myocilin Induces the Phenotype of Open-Angle Glaucoma in Transgenic Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01280-x. [PMID: 36069958 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of mutation myocilin proteins and glaucoma pathological phenotype in transgenic mice with full-length human Pro370Leu mutant myocilin gene (Tg-MYOCP370L). Tg-MYOCP370L mice were established using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured, myocilin protein expressions in anterior chamber angle, retina, optic nerve tissues and aqueous humor were detected by western blot. RBPMS, myocilin, Iba-1 and GFAP expression were visualized by immunofluorescence. H&E staining was applied to assess the ocular angle and retinal morphology. Aqueous humor dynamics were visualized by Gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-MRI). TUNEL assay was used to evaluate the specific cell apoptosis in trabecular meshwork and retina. Optomotor and electroretinography tests were employed to evaluate the visual function in Tg-MYOCP370L and wild-type (WT) mice. Homozygous myocilin mutation at position 503 (C > T) was identified by PCR and sequencing in Tg-MYOCP370L mice. Myocilin protein expression was overexpressed in eye tissues of Tg-MYOCP370L mice with reduced myocilin secretion in aqueous humor. H&E staining showed normal histological morphology of anterior chamber angle whereas decreased thickness and nuclei in ganglion cell layer were found (P < 0.05). Gd signals were significantly increased in the anterior chamber of Tg-MYOCP370L compared with WT eyes (P < 0.05). IOP was elevated in Tg-MYOCP370L mice starting at 5 months of age, with significant RGC loss (P < 0.05). Upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions and increased TUNEL-positive cells were found in eyes of Tg-MYOCP370L mice. Excessive activation of retinal glial cells and impaired visual function were detected in Tg-MYOCP370L mice. Tg-MYOCP370L mice can induce the phenotype of open-angle glaucoma, featured as IOP elevation, activated retinal glial cells, loss of RGCs and impaired visual function. These pathologic changes may arise from the abnormal mutant myocilin protein accumulation in the trabecular meshwork and injured aqueous humor drainage. Therefore, Tg-MYOCP370L mice model can serve as an effective animal model for glaucoma research, especially for glaucoma-associated myocilin mutation studies.
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Roy Chowdhury U, Millar JC, Holman BH, Anderson KJ, Dosa PI, Roddy GW, Fautsch MP. Effect of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel Openers on Intraocular Pressure in Ocular Hypertensive Animal Models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:15. [PMID: 35129587 PMCID: PMC8822368 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) and diazoxide on IOP in three independent mouse models of ocular hypertension. Methods Baseline IOP was measured in TGFβ2 overexpression, steroid-induced, and iris dispersion (DBA/2J) ocular hypertension mouse models, followed by once daily eyedrop administration with CKLP1 (5 mM) or diazoxide (5 mM). The IOP was measured in conscious animals with a handheld rebound tonometer. Aqueous humor dynamics were assessed by a constant perfusion method. Effect of treatment on ocular tissues was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Results CKLP1 decreased the IOP by 20% in TGFβ2 overexpressing mice (n = 6; P < 0.0001), 24% in steroid-induced ocular hypertensive mice (n = 8; P < 0.0001), and 43% in DBA/2J mice (n = 15; P < 0.0001). Diazoxide decreased the IOP by 32% in mice with steroid-induced ocular hypertension (n = 13; P < 0.0001) and by 41% in DBA/2J mice (n = 4; P = 0.005). An analysis of the aqueous humor dynamics revealed that CKLP1 decreased the episcleral venous pressure by 29% in TGFβ2 overexpressing mice (n = 13; P < 0.0001) and by 72% in DBA/2J mice (n = 4 control, 3 treated; P = 0.0002). Diazoxide lowered episcleral venous pressure by 35% in steroid-induced ocular hypertensive mice (n = 3; P = 0.03). Tissue histology and cell morphology appeared normal when compared with controls. Accumulation of extracellular matrix was reduced in CKLP1- and diazoxide-treated eyes in the steroid-induced ocular hypertension model. Conclusions ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers CKLP1 and diazoxide effectively decreased the IOP in ocular hypertensive animal models by decreasing the episcleral venous pressure, supporting a potential therapeutic application of these agents in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Bradley H Holman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gavin W Roddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Nair KS, Srivastava C, Brown RV, Koli S, Choquet H, Kang HS, Kuo YM, Grimm SA, Sutherland C, Badea A, Johnson GA, Zhao Y, Yin J, Okamoto K, Clark G, Borrás T, Zode G, Kizhatil K, Chakrabarti S, John SWM, Jorgenson E, Jetten AM. GLIS1 regulates trabecular meshwork function and intraocular pressure and is associated with glaucoma in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4877. [PMID: 34385434 PMCID: PMC8361148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor of primary open-angle glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), which controls the outflow of aqueous humor (AqH) from the anterior chamber, is the major cause of elevated IOP. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the Krüppel-like zinc finger transcriptional factor GLI-similar-1 (GLIS1) develop chronically elevated IOP. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis reveal that deficiency in GLIS1 expression induces progressive degeneration of the TM, leading to inefficient AqH drainage from the anterior chamber and elevated IOP. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses identified several glaucoma- and extracellular matrix-associated genes as direct transcriptional targets of GLIS1. We also identified a significant association between GLIS1 variant rs941125 and glaucoma in humans (P = 4.73 × 10-6), further supporting a role for GLIS1 into glaucoma etiology. Our study identifies GLIS1 as a critical regulator of TM function and maintenance, AqH dynamics, and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chitrangda Srivastava
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert V Brown
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Swanand Koli
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Caleb Sutherland
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kyoko Okamoto
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Terete Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Toris CB, Gagrani M, Ghate D. Current methods and new approaches to assess aqueous humor dynamics. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1902308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol B. Toris
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Aberrant TGF-β1 signaling activation by MAF underlies pathological lens growth in high myopia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2102. [PMID: 33833231 PMCID: PMC8032689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High myopia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Myopia progression may lead to pathological changes of lens and affect the outcome of lens surgery, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we find an increased lens size in highly myopic eyes associated with up-regulation of β/γ-crystallin expressions. Similar findings are replicated in two independent mouse models of high myopia. Mechanistic studies show that the transcription factor MAF plays an essential role in up-regulating β/γ-crystallins in high myopia, by direct activation of the crystallin gene promoters and by activation of TGF-β1-Smad signaling. Our results establish lens morphological and molecular changes as a characteristic feature of high myopia, and point to the dysregulation of the MAF-TGF-β1-crystallin axis as an underlying mechanism, providing an insight for therapeutic interventions. High myopia is associated with lens changes, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show increased equatorial diameter of the lens in subjects affected by high myopia, and find that these changes are associated with an increase in crystallin expression driven by the transcription factor MAF and TGF-β1 signaling.
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Tryptophan Pathway Abnormalities in a Murine Model of Hereditary Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031039. [PMID: 33494373 PMCID: PMC7865582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been shown that a possible pathogenetic mechanism of neurodegeneration in the mouse model of glaucoma (DBA/2J) may be an alteration of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the retina. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that alterations of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in DBA/2J mice is not limited to the retina. Methods: Samples of the retinal tissue and serum were collected from DBA/2J mice (6 and 10 months old) and control C57Bl/6 mice of the same age. The concentration of TRP, KYNA, kynurenine (KYN), and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OH-K) was measured by HPLC. The activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was also determined as a KYN/TRP ratio. Results: TRP, KYNA, L-KYN, and 3OH-K concentration were significantly lower in the retinas of DBA/2J mice than in C57Bl/6 mice. 3OH-K concentration was higher in older mice in both strains. Serum TRP, L-KYN, and KYNA concentrations were lower in DBA/2J than in age-matched controls. However, serum IDO activity did not differ significantly between compared groups and strains. Conclusions: Alterations of the TRP pathway seem not to be limited to the retina in the murine model of hereditary glaucoma.
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Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Świątkiewicz M, Orzeł J, Chorągiewicz T, Toro MD, Rejdak R, Bogorodzki P, Grieb P. Changes of Ocular Dimensions as a Marker of Disease Progression in a Murine Model of Pigmentary Glaucoma. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:573238. [PMID: 33013417 PMCID: PMC7500411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.573238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor in glaucoma, is an important parameter tracked in experimental models of this disease. However, IOP measurement in laboratory rodents is challenging and may not correlate with some key pathological events that occur in the development of glaucoma. The aims of this study were to quantify changes in ocular morphology in DBA/2J mice that develop spontaneous, age-dependent, pigmentary glaucoma and to check the possible correlation of these parameters with IOP. Method Eye morphology was evaluated with MRI in DBA/2J, DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ, and C57BL/6J female mice ages 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months. The animals were anesthetized with isoflurane. A planar receive-only surface coil (inner diameter = 10 mm) was placed over each animal’s left eye and the image was acquired with a 7T small animal-dedicated magnetic resonance tomograph and T2-weighted TurboRARE sequence. Ocular dimensions were manually quantitated using OsiriX software. IOP was measured with rebound tonometry. Results In the control animals, no age-related changes in the ocular morphology were noted. Since 6 months of age, the anterior chamber deepening and elongation of the eyeballs of DBA/2J mice was detectable. We found a significant, positive correlation between IOP and axial length, anterior chamber area, or anterior chamber width in C57BL/6J mice but not in DBA/2J mice. However, after excluding the measurements performed in the oldest DBA/2J mice (i.e. analyzing only the animals ages 3 to 12 months), we demonstrated a significant positive correlation between IOP and anterior chamber width. Conclusion High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the eye area in mice enables reproducible and consistent measures of key dimensions of the eyeball. We observed age-dependent alterations in the eye morphology of DBA/2J mice that mostly affected the anterior chamber. We also demonstrated a correlation between some of the ocular dimensions and the IOP of C57Bl/6J mice and DBA/2J mice with moderately advanced glaucomatous pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Świątkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Orzeł
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Chorągiewicz
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mario Damiano Toro
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Rejdak
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bogorodzki
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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