2
|
Romsa B, Ruggiero SL. Diagnosis and Management of Lingual Nerve Injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2021; 33:239-248. [PMID: 33526318 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the lingual nerve is a well-recognized risk associated with certain routine dental and oral surgical procedures. The assessment and management of a patient with a traumatic lingual nerve neuropathy requires a logical and stepwise approach. The proper application and interpretation of the various neurosensory tests and maneuvers is critical to establishing an accurate diagnosis. The implementation of a surgical or nonsurgical treatment strategy is based not only on the established diagnosis, but also a multitude of variables including patient age, timing and nature of the injury, and the emotional or psychological impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Romsa
- New York Center for Orthognathic and Maxillofacial Surgery, 110 East 55th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Salvatore L Ruggiero
- New York Center for Orthognathic and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2001 Marcus Avenue, Suite N10, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guarnizo A, Glikstein R, Torres C. Imaging Features of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy. J Neuroradiol 2019; 47:136-150. [PMID: 31034896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypoglossal nerve gives motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Pathology of this nerve affects the balanced action of the genioglossus muscle causing tongue deviation toward the weak side. Clinically, hypoglossal nerve palsy manifests with difficulty chewing, swallowing and with dysarthric speech herein, we review the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve as well as common and infrequent lesions that can affect this nerve along its course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guarnizo
- Neuroradiology Fellow, University of Ottawa - The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rafael Glikstein
- Neuroradiologist, University of Ottawa - The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Carlos Torres
- Neuroradiologist, University of Ottawa - The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Edwards B, Wang JM, Iwanaga J, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. Cranial Nerve Foramina: Part II - A Review of the Anatomy and Pathology of Cranial Nerve Foramina of the Posterior Cranial Fossa. Cureus 2018; 10:e2500. [PMID: 29928560 PMCID: PMC6005399 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial nerve foramina are integral exits from the confines of the skull. Despite their significance in cranial nerve pathologies, there has been no comprehensive anatomical review of these structures. Owing to the extensive nature of this topic we have divided our review into two parts; Part II, presented here, focuses on the foramina of the posterior cranial fossa and discusses each foramen's shape, orientation, size, surrounding structures, and structures that pass through it. Furthermore, by comparing foramen sizes against the cross-sectional areas of their contents, we determine the amount of free space available within each. We also review lesions that can obstruct each foramen and discuss the clinical consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Edwards
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, GRD
| | - Joy Mh Wang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, GRD
| | | | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, GRD
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hajian M, Gaspar R, Maev RG. Accurate 3-D Profile Extraction of Skull Bone Using an Ultrasound Matrix Array. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:2858-2871. [PMID: 28287955 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2679214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the feasibility, accuracy, and precision of 3-D profile extraction of the human skull bone using a custom-designed ultrasound matrix transducer in Pulse-Echo. Due to the attenuative scattering properties of the skull, the backscattered echoes from the inner surface of the skull are severely degraded, attenuated, and at some points overlapped. Furthermore, the speed of sound (SOS) in the skull varies significantly in different zones and also from case to case; if considered constant, it introduces significant error to the profile measurement. A new method for simultaneous estimation of the skull profiles and the sound speed value is presented. The proposed method is a two-folded procedure: first, the arrival times of the backscattered echoes from the skull bone are estimated using multi-lag phase delay (MLPD) and modified space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE) algorithms. Next, these arrival times are fed into an adaptive sound speed estimation algorithm to compute the optimal SOS value and subsequently, the skull bone thickness. For quantitative evaluation, the estimated bone phantom thicknesses were compared with the mechanical measurements. The accuracies of the bone thickness measurements using MLPD and modified SAGE algorithms combined with the adaptive SOS estimation were 7.93% and 4.21%, respectively. These values were 14.44% and 10.75% for the autocorrelation and cross-correlation methods. Additionally, the Bland-Altman plots showed the modified SAGE outperformed the other methods with -0.35 and 0.44 mm limits of agreement. No systematic error that could be related to the skull bone thickness was observed for this method.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The posterior skull base can be involved by a variety of pathologic processes. They can be broadly classified as: traumatic, neoplastic, vascular, and inflammatory. Pathology in the posterior skull base usually involves the lower cranial nerves, either as a source of pathology or a secondary source of symptoms. This review will categorize pathology arising in the posterior skull base and describe how it affects the skull base itself and surrounding structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joici Job
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Barton F Branstetter
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Skull base imaging requires a thorough knowledge of the complex anatomy of this region, including the numerous fissures and foramina and the major neurovascular structures that traverse them. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play complementary roles in imaging of the skull base. MR is the preferred modality for evaluation of the soft tissues, the cranial nerves, and the medullary spaces of bone, while CT is preferred for demonstrating thin cortical bone structure. The anatomic location and origin of a lesion as well as the specific CT and MR findings can often narrow the differential diagnosis to a short list of possibilities. However, the primary role of the imaging specialist in evaluating the skull base is usually to define the extent of the lesion and determine its relationship to vital neurovascular structures. Technologic advances in imaging and radiation therapy, as well as surgical technique, have allowed for more aggressive approaches and improved outcomes, further emphasizing the importance of precise preoperative mapping of skull base lesions via imaging. Tumors arising from and affecting the cranial nerves at the skull base are considered here.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mourad WF, Young BM, Young R, Blakaj DM, Ohri N, Shourbaji RA, Manolidis S, Gámez M, Kumar M, Khorsandi A, Khan MA, Shasha D, Blakaj A, Glanzman J, Garg MK, Hu KS, Kalnicki S, Harrison LB. Clinical validation and applications for CT-based atlas for contouring the lower cranial nerves for head and neck cancer radiation therapy. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:956-963. [PMID: 23623404 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.03.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiation induced cranial nerve palsy (RICNP) involving the lower cranial nerves (CNs) is a serious complication of head and neck radiotherapy (RT). Recommendations for delineating the lower CNs on RT planning studies do not exist. The aim of the current study is to develop a standardized methodology for contouring CNs IX-XII, which would help in establishing RT limiting doses for organs at risk (OAR). METHODS Using anatomic texts, radiologic data, and guidance from experts in head and neck anatomy, we developed step-by-step instructions for delineating CNs IX-XII on computed tomography (CT) imaging. These structures were then contoured on five consecutive patients who underwent definitive RT for locally-advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC). RT doses delivered to the lower CNs were calculated. RESULTS We successfully developed a contouring atlas for CNs IX-XII. The median total dose to the planning target volume (PTV) was 70Gy (range: 66-70Gy). The median CN (IX-XI) and (XII) volumes were 10c.c (range: 8-12c.c) and 8c.c (range: 7-10c.c), respectively. The median V50, V60, V66, and V70 of the CN (IX-XI) and (XII) volumes were (85, 77, 71, 65) and (88, 80, 74, 64) respectively. The median maximal dose to the CN (IX-XI) and (XII) were 72Gy (range: 66-77) and 71Gy (range: 64-78), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have generated simple instructions for delineating the lower CNs on RT planning imaging. Further analyses to explore the relationship between lower CN dosing and the risk of RICNP are recommended in order to establish limiting doses for these OARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed F Mourad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Brett M Young
- Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebekah Young
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dukagjin M Blakaj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nitin Ohri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rania A Shourbaji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Spiros Manolidis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mauricio Gámez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Azita Khorsandi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Majid A Khan
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Daniel Shasha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adriana Blakaj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Glanzman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Madhur K Garg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth S Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shalom Kalnicki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Louis B Harrison
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|