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Gaeta M, Galletta K, Cavallaro M, Mormina E, Cannizzaro MT, Lanzafame LRM, D'Angelo T, Blandino A, Vinci SL, Granata F. T1 relaxation: Chemo-physical fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical applications. Insights Imaging 2024; 15:200. [PMID: 39120775 PMCID: PMC11315875 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-024-01744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A knowledge of the complex phenomena that regulate T1 signal on Magnetic Resonance Imaging is essential in clinical practice for a more effective characterization of pathological processes. The authors review the physical basis of T1 Relaxation Time and the fundamental aspects of physics and chemistry that can influence this parameter. The main substances (water, fat, macromolecules, methemoglobin, melanin, Gadolinium, calcium) that influence T1 and the different MRI acquisition techniques that can be applied to enhance their presence in diagnostic images are then evaluated. An extensive case illustration of the different phenomena and techniques in the areas of CNS, abdomino-pelvic, and osteoarticular pathology is also proposed. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: T1 relaxation time is strongly influenced by numerous factors related to tissue characteristics and the presence in the context of the lesions of some specific substances. An examination of these phenomena with extensive MRI exemplification is reported. KEY POINTS: The purpose of the paper is to illustrate the chemical-physical basis of T1 Relaxation Time. MRI methods in accordance with the various clinical indications are listed. Several examples of clinical application in abdominopelvic and CNS pathology are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gaeta
- Radiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Karol Galletta
- Neuroradiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Cavallaro
- Neuroradiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enricomaria Mormina
- Neuroradiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Tommaso D'Angelo
- Radiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfredo Blandino
- Radiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sergio Lucio Vinci
- Neuroradiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Granata
- Neuroradiology Unit - Biomorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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2
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Huh KY, Chung WK, Lee H, Choi SH, Yu KS, Lee S. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Macrocyclic Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent, HNP-2006, in Healthy Subjects. Invest Radiol 2024; 59:252-258. [PMID: 37493284 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are indispensable in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. A higher risk of gadolinium deposition in linear GBCAs required the introduction of macrocyclic GBCAs with a stable molecular structure. We conducted the first-in-human study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of HNP-2006, a novel macrocyclic GBCA, in healthy male subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-ascending dose study was conducted. Subjects received either a single intravenous bolus injection of HNP-2006 or its matching placebo with a treatment-to-placebo ratio of 6:2 at the dose level of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mmol/kg. Safety was assessed through routine clinical assessments. Blood sampling and urine collection were performed up to 72 hours postdose for PK assessments. Noncompartmental methods were used to calculate PK parameters, and a population PK model was constructed. RESULTS Overall, 40 subjects completed the study. Fourteen subjects reported 22 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). The severity of all TEAEs was mild, and the HNP-2006 dose was associated with the incidence of TEAEs. The most common TEAEs included nausea and dizziness, which occurred within an hour of administration. HNP-2006 was rapidly eliminated by urinary excretion with a half-life of 1.8-2.0 hours and showed a dose-proportional PK. A 2-compartment model had the best fit with the population PK analysis. CONCLUSIONS A single intravenous dose of HNP-2006 was well-tolerated and safe up to 0.30 mmol/kg. HNP-2006 was rapidly excreted in urine and exhibited dose-independent PK profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Huh
- From the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (K.Y.H., W.K.C., K.-S.Y., S.H.L.); Hana Pharm Co, Ltd, Seoul, South Korea (H.L.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.)
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Bendszus M, Laghi A, Munuera J, Tanenbaum LN, Taouli B, Thoeny HC. MRI Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media: Meeting Radiological, Clinical, and Environmental Needs. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38226697 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are routinely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are essential for choosing the most appropriate medical or surgical strategy for patients with serious pathologies, particularly in oncologic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. However, GBCAs have been associated with an increased risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal failure, as well as the possibility of deposition in the brain, bones, and other organs, even in patients with normal renal function. Research is underway to reduce the quantity of gadolinium injected, without compromising image quality and diagnosis. The next generation of GBCAs will enable a reduction in the gadolinium dose administered. Gadopiclenol is the first of this new generation of GBCAs, with high relaxivity, thus having the potential to reduce the gadolinium dose while maintaining good in vivo stability due to its macrocyclic structure. High-stability and high-relaxivity GBCAs will be one of the solutions for reducing the dose of gadolinium to be administered in clinical practice, while the development of new technologies, including optimization of MRI acquisitions, new contrast mechanisms, and artificial intelligence may help reduce the need for GBCAs. Future solutions may involve a combination of next-generation GBCAs and image-processing techniques to optimize diagnosis and treatment planning while minimizing exposure to gadolinium. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Josep Munuera
- Advanced Medical Imaging, Artificial Intelligence, and Imaging-Guided Therapy Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau - Centre CERCA, Barcelona, Spain
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bachir Taouli
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harriet C Thoeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Fribourg Cantonal Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dan Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Dai Z, Sun D. Biogenic Imaging Contrast Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207090. [PMID: 37401173 PMCID: PMC10477908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging contrast agents are widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, among which biogenic imaging contrast agents (BICAs) are developing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research ranging from subcellular level to individual level. The unique properties of BICAs, including expression by cells as reporters and specific genetic modification, facilitate various in vitro and in vivo studies, such as quantification of gene expression, observation of protein interactions, visualization of cellular proliferation, monitoring of metabolism, and detection of dysfunctions. Furthermore, in human body, BICAs are remarkably helpful for disease diagnosis when the dysregulation of these agents occurs and can be detected through imaging techniques. There are various BICAs matched with a set of imaging techniques, including fluorescent proteins for fluorescence imaging, gas vesicles for ultrasound imaging, and ferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, bimodal and multimodal imaging can be realized through combining the functions of different BICAs, which helps overcome the limitations of monomodal imaging. In this review, the focus is on the properties, mechanisms, applications, and future directions of BICAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
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5
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Tsai YF, Yang JS, Tsai FJ, Lu CC, Chiu YJ, Tsai SC. In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Gadodiamide in Normal Brain SVG P12 Cells. In Vivo 2021; 35:2621-2630. [PMID: 34410949 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique for evaluating patients with primary and metastatic tumors. The contrast agents improve the diagnostic accuracy of MRI. Large quantities of a contrast agent must be administrated into the patient to obtain useful images, which leads to cell injury. Gadolinium has been reported to cause central lobular necrosis of the liver and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. However, the toxicity caused on brain tissue is uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study mainly aimed on the in vitro study of high concentration (2 and 5-fold of normal concentration) gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), gadodiamide (Omniscan®), on normal brain glial SVG P12 cells. MTT assay, DAPI staining, immunofluorescent staining, LysoTracker Red staining, and western blotting analysis were applied on the cells. RESULTS The viability of gadodiamide (1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 13 and 26 mM)-treated SVG P12 cells was significantly reduced after 24 h of incubation. Gadodiamide caused significant autophagic flux at 2.6, 5.2 and 13.0 mM as seen by acridine orange (AO) staining, LC-3-GFP and LysoTracker Red staining. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins such as beclin-1, ATG-5, ATG-14 and LC-3 II were up-regulated after 24 h of gadodiamide incubation. Autophagy inhibitors including 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf) significantly alleviated the autophagic cell death effect of gadodiamide on normal brain glial SVG P12 cells. Gadodiamide induced significant apoptotic effects at 5.2 mM and 13.0 mM as seen by DAPI staining and the pan-caspase inhibitor significantly alleviated the apoptotic effect. Gadodiamide at 5.2 mM and 13.0 mM inhibited antiapoptotic protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, while promoted pro-apoptotic protein expression levels of Bax, BAD, cytochrome c, Apaf-1, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-caspase-3. CONCLUSION Normal brain glial SVG P12 cells treated with high concentrations of gadodiamide can undergo autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Feng Tsai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jen Chiu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; .,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Zheng S, Jin S, Jiao M, Wang W, Zhou X, Xu J, Wang Y, Dou P, Jin Z, Wu C, Li J, Ge X, Xu K. Tumor-targeted Gd-doped mesoporous Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for T 1/T 2 MR imaging guided synergistic cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:787-799. [PMID: 33866915 PMCID: PMC8079076 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1909177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel intelligent nanoplatform to integrate multiple imaging and therapeutic functions for targeted cancer theranostics. The nanoplatform, DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs, was constructed Gd-doped mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles following with the doxorubicin (DOX) loading in the mesopores of the NPs. The DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs exhibited good properties in colloidal dispersity, photothermal conversion, NIR triggered drug release, and high T1/T2 relaxicity rate (r1=9.64 mM−1s−1, r2= 177.71 mM−1s−1). Benefiting from the high MR contrast, DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs enabled simultaneous T1/T2 dual-modal MR imagining on 4T1 bearing mice in vivo and the MR contrast effect was further strengthened by external magnetic field. In addition, the DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs revealed the strongest inhibition to the growth of 4T1 in vitro and in vivo under NIR irradiation and guidance of external magnetic field. Moreover, biosafety was also validated by in vitro and in vivo tests. Thus, the prepared DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs would provide a promising intelligent nanoplatform for dual-modal MR imagining guided synergistic therapy in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Zheng
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shang Jin
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Jiao
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peipei Dou
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neurobiosensor, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan , China
| | - Changyu Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xinting Ge
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Trunz LM, Guglielmo FF, Selvarajan SK, Naringrekar HV, Alturki A, Dave JK, Mitchell DG. Biliary excretion of gadobenate dimeglumine causing degradation of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:562-569. [PMID: 32743690 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of gadobenate dimeglumine on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and determine an appropriate time frame for performing MRCP sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2D MRCP sequences obtained after intravenous administration of gadobenate dimeglumine or gadobutrol over 14 months were reviewed retrospectively in randomized order by five abdominal radiologists, using a 3-point scale to rate biliary and pancreatic duct clarity (1 = no-, 2 = limited-, 3 = good visualization). Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed and mean scores were compared for both agents. For gadobenate dimeglumine exams, time delays between arterial phase and MRCP acquisition times were analyzed concerning duct clarity. For gadobutrol, only exams with delays ≥ 15 min were included. RESULTS 134 exams (107 gadobenate dimeglumine, 27 gadobutrol) were included. Moderate reliability for pancreatic duct visualization and excellent reliability for visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts and upper and lower extrahepatic bile ducts were noted. No difference in mean scores was noted for pancreatic duct visualization (p = 0.66). Bile duct segment scores were lower with gadobenate dimeglumine (mean: 2.1-2.6) compared with gadobutrol (mean: 2.8-2.9) (p ≤ 0.006). For gadobenate dimeglumine, visualization scores varied depending on the delay between the arterial phase and MRCP acquisition (p ≤ 0.047). Good visualization for all bile duct segments was noted with delays of 7.2-9.4 min (95% confidence interval; mean 8.3 min). CONCLUSION Bile duct clarity degraded on MRCP images with an increasing delay following gadobenate dimeglumine injection. 2D MRCP, thus, should be performed within 7.2 min after obtaining the arterial phase sequence to ensure good visualization of the entire biliary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Trunz
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Flavius F Guglielmo
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Santosh K Selvarajan
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Haresh V Naringrekar
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Abdullah Alturki
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jaydev K Dave
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Donald G Mitchell
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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9
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The Aging Imageomics Study: rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the study population. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Malone J, Tiberi D, Frankish C, Nguyen T, Sinclair J, Malone S. MultiHance as a contrast alternative for Gadovist allergic patients. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:850-853. [PMID: 32382365 PMCID: PMC7200611 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Malone
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - David Tiberi
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Charles Frankish
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Malone
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Bisla JK, Saranathan M, Martin DR, Arif-Tiwari H, Kalb BT. MR Imaging Evaluation of the Kidneys in Patients with Reduced Kidney Function. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2019; 27:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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