1
|
Shirman R, Chakraborty S, Sasson Y. Ru/GCN Nanocomposite as an Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Sodium Hypophosphite. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1187. [PMID: 39057864 PMCID: PMC11280338 DOI: 10.3390/nano14141187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Sodium hypophosphite is a promising green source for generating clean elemental hydrogen without pollutants. This study presents the development of an efficient heterogeneous catalyst, Ru/g-C3N4 (Ru/GCN), for hydrogen generation from sodium hypophosphite. The Ru/GCN catalyst demonstrates excellent activity under mild reaction conditions and maintains its effectiveness over multiple cycles without significant loss of activity. This easily separable and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst is straightforward to operate, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and provides a cost-effective alternative to the extensive use of expensive noble metals, which have limited industrial applications. The Ru/GCN catalyst was characterized using various material characterization and spectral methods, including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Hypophosphite, combined with the catalytically active and recyclable Ru/GCN catalyst, forms a system with high potential for industrial-scale hydrogen production, suggesting promising avenues for further research and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoel Sasson
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.S.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DeMarini DM, Linak WP. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of combustion emissions are impacted more by combustor technology than by fuel composition: A brief review. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:135-150. [PMID: 35253926 PMCID: PMC9311424 DOI: 10.1002/em.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies during the past 50 years have characterized the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of extractable organic material (EOM) of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air and from combustion emissions. We have summarized conclusions from these studies and present data supporting those conclusions for 50 combustion emissions, including carcinogenic potencies on mouse skin (papillomas/mouse/mg EOM), mutagenic potencies (revertants/μg EOM) in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay, and mutagenicity emission factors (revertants/kg fuel or revertants/MJthermal ) in Salmonella. Mutagenic potencies of EOM from PM in ambient air and combustion emissions span 1-2 orders of magnitude, respectively. In contrast, the revertants/m3 span >5 orders of magnitude due to variable PM concentrations in ambient air. Carcinogenic potencies of EOM from combustion emissions on mouse skin and EOM-associated human lung cancer risk from those emissions both span ~3 orders of magnitude and are highly associated. The ubiquitous presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, and aromatic amines results in mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of PM that span only 1-3 orders of magnitude; most PM induces primarily G to T mutations. Mutagenicity emission factors of combustion emissions span 3-5 orders of magnitude and correlate with PAH emission factors (r > 0.9). Mutagenicity emission factors were largely a function of how material was burned (highly efficient modern combustors versus open burning) rather than what materials were burned. Combustion systems that minimize kinetic and mass-transfer limitations and promote complete oxidation also minimize the mutagenicity of their emissions. This fundamental engineering principle can inform environmental and public health assessments of combustion emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - William P. Linak
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karanikas N, Foster C, Beltran Hernandez A, Harvey A, Targal O, Horswill N. Conventional and Alternative Aviation Fuels: Occupational Exposure and Health Effects. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Karanikas
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Cherry Foster
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Adolfo Beltran Hernandez
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Alice Harvey
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Ozan Targal
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Nathan Horswill
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rasalanavho M, Moodley R, Jonnalagadda SB. Elemental distribution including toxic elements in edible and inedible wild growing mushrooms from South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7913-7925. [PMID: 30684184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macro-elements (Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na) and trace elements including some toxic (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) were determined in edible and inedible wild-growing mushrooms (Amanita rubescens, Auricularia polytricha, Boletus edulis, Boletus mirabilis, Clavulina cristata, Helvella crispa, Lactarius deliciosus, Suillus luteus, Termitomyces microcarpus, Termitomyces reticulatus, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces umkowaanii, Amanita foetidissima, Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, Aseroe rubra, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Ganoderma lucidum, Gymnopilus junonius, Hypholoma fasciculare, Lentinus villosus, Lepista caffrorum, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Pisolithus tinctorius, Pleurotus ostreatus, Podaxis pistillaris, Russula sardonia, Scleroderma citrinum, Scleroderma michiganense). Analyses of samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The elemental content in both edible and inedible mushrooms, in decreasing order, was found to be K >> Na > Ca > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Se > Co > Ni > Be > Pb ≥ Cd > As. Our study revealed that the accumulation of metals from the soil is independent of whether mushrooms are edible or inedible as uptake is dependent on the soil quality and its environment. Edible mushroom species studied were found to be rich in Se (145-836% towards the RDA) with B. edulis being rich in it, C. cristata in Cu, S. luteus in Fe and H. crispa in Zn, and all contained low concentrations of toxic metals making them suitable for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muvhango Rasalanavho
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Roshila Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eck-Varanka B, Kováts N, Horváth E, Ferincz Á, Kakasi B, Nagy ST, Imre K, Paulovits G. Eco- and genotoxicity profiling of a rapeseed biodiesel using a battery of bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:170-177. [PMID: 29353167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered an important renewable energy source but still there is some controversy about its environmental toxicity, especially to aquatic life. In our study, the toxicity of water soluble fraction of biodiesel was evaluated in relatively low concentrations using a battery of bioassays: Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition, Sinapis alba root growth inhibition, Daphnia magna immobilization, boar semen live/dead ratio and DNA fragmentation and Unio pictorum micronucleus test. While the S. alba test indicated nutritive (stimulating) effect of the sample, the biodiesel exerted toxic effect in the aquatic tests. D. magna was the most sensitive with EC50 value of 0.0226%. For genotoxicity assessment, the mussel micronucleus test (MNT) was applied, detecting considerable genotoxic potential of the biodiesel sample: it elucidated micronuclei formation already at low concentration of 3.3%. Although this test has never been employed in biodiesel eco/genotoxicity assessments, it seems a promising tool, based on its appropriate sensitivity, and representativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Horváth
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter K. str. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakasi
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Tamás Nagy
- University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Department of Animal Sciences, Deák Ferenc str. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Imre
- MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Paulovits
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg Kunó str. 3, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roth M, Usemann J, Bisig C, Comte P, Czerwinski J, Mayer AC, Beier K, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Latzin P, Müller L. Effects of gasoline and ethanol-gasoline exhaust exposure on human bronchial epithelial and natural killer cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Barraud C, Corbière C, Pottier I, Estace E, Blanchard K, Logie C, Lagadu S, Kéravec V, Pottier D, Dionnet F, Morin J, Préterre D, André V, Monteil C, Sichel F. Impact of after-treatment devices and biofuels on diesel exhausts genotoxicity in A549 cells exposed at air-liquid interface. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:426-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Wang CC, Lin YC, Lin YC, Jhang SR, Tung CW. Identification of informative features for predicting proinflammatory potentials of engine exhausts. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:66. [PMID: 28830522 PMCID: PMC5568601 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunotoxicity of engine exhausts is of high concern to human health due to the increasing prevalence of immune-related diseases. However, the evaluation of immunotoxicity of engine exhausts is currently based on expensive and time-consuming experiments. It is desirable to develop efficient methods for immunotoxicity assessment. METHODS To accelerate the development of safe alternative fuels, this study proposed a computational method for identifying informative features for predicting proinflammatory potentials of engine exhausts. A principal component regression (PCR) algorithm was applied to develop prediction models. The informative features were identified by a sequential backward feature elimination (SBFE) algorithm. RESULTS A total of 19 informative chemical and biological features were successfully identified by SBFE algorithm. The informative features were utilized to develop a computational method named FS-CBM for predicting proinflammatory potentials of engine exhausts. FS-CBM model achieved a high performance with correlation coefficient values of 0.997 and 0.943 obtained from training and independent test sets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The FS-CBM model was developed for predicting proinflammatory potentials of engine exhausts with a large improvement on prediction performance compared with our previous CBM model. The proposed method could be further applied to construct models for bioactivities of mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Syu-Ruei Jhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hallberg LM, Ward JB, Wickliffe JK, Ameredes BT. Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study Auxiliary Findings on 2007-Compliant Diesel Engines: A Comparison With Diesel Exhaust Genotoxicity Effects Prior to 2007. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2017; 11:1178630217714215. [PMID: 28659715 PMCID: PMC5479429 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217714215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its beginning, more than 117 years ago, the compression-ignition engine, or diesel engine, has grown to become a critically important part of industry and transportation. Public concerns over the health effects from diesel emissions have driven the growth of regulatory development, implementation, and technological advances in emission controls. In 2001, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board issued new diesel fuel and emission standards for heavy-duty engines. To meet these stringent standards, manufacturers used new emission after-treatment technology, and modified fuel formulations, to bring about reductions in particulate matter and nitrogen oxides within the exhaust. To illustrate the impact of that technological transition, a brief overview of pre-2007 diesel engine exhaust biomarkers of genotoxicity and health-related concerns is provided, to set the context for the results of our research findings, as part of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES), in which the effects of a 2007-compliant diesel engine were examined. In agreement with ACES findings reported in other tissues, we observed a lack of measurable 2007-compliant diesel treatment-associated DNA damage, in lung tissue (comet assay), blood serum (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] assay), and hippocampus (lipid peroxidation assay), across diesel exhaust exposure levels. A time-dependent assessment of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxidation also suggested no differences in responses across diesel exhaust exposure levels more than 24 months of exposure. These results indicated that the 2007-compliant diesel engine reduced measurable reactive oxygen species-associated tissue derangements and suggested that the 2007 standards-based mitigation approaches were effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance M Hallberg
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan B Ward
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bill T Ameredes
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparative Analysis of Toxic Responses of Organic Extracts from Diesel and Selected Alternative Fuels Engine Emissions in Human Lung BEAS-2B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111833. [PMID: 27827897 PMCID: PMC5133834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used toxicogenomics to identify the complex biological response of human lung BEAS-2B cells treated with organic components of particulate matter in the exhaust of a diesel engine. First, we characterized particles from standard diesel (B0), biodiesel (methylesters of rapeseed oil) in its neat form (B100) and 30% by volume blend with diesel fuel (B30), and neat hydrotreated vegetable oil (NEXBTL100). The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in organic extracts was the lowest for NEXBTL100 and higher for biodiesel. We further analyzed global gene expression changes in BEAS-2B cells following 4 h and 24 h treatment with extracts. The concentrations of 50 µg extract/mL induced a similar molecular response. The common processes induced after 4 h treatment included antioxidant defense, metabolism of xenobiotics and lipids, suppression of pro-apoptotic stimuli, or induction of plasminogen activating cascade; 24 h treatment affected fewer processes, particularly those involved in detoxification of xenobiotics, including PAHs. The majority of distinctively deregulated genes detected after both 4 h and 24 h treatment were induced by NEXBTL100; the deregulated genes included, e.g., those involved in antioxidant defense and cell cycle regulation and proliferation. B100 extract, with the highest PAH concentrations, additionally affected several cell cycle regulatory genes and p38 signaling.
Collapse
|
11
|
Manzetti S, Andersen O. Biochemical and physiological effects from exhaust emissions. A review of the relevant literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:285-293. [PMID: 27793419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions are to date ranked among the most frequent causes of premature deaths worldwide. The combustion of fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and bio-blends provokes a series of pathophysiological responses in exposed subjects, which are associated with biochemical and immunological triggering. It is critical to understand these mechanisms, which are directly related to the levels of aerosol, liquid and gaseous components in fuel exhaust (e.g. nanoparticles, particulate matter, volatile compounds), so to cast attention on their toxicity and gradually minimize their use. This review reports findings in the recent literature concerning the biochemical and cellular pathways triggered during intoxication by exhaust emissions, and links these findings to pathophysiological responses such as inflammation and vasoconstriction. This study provides critical in vitro and in vivo data for the reduction of emissions in urban centers, with an emphasis on the prevention of exposure of groups such as children, the elderly, and other affected groups, and shows how the exposure to exhaust emissions induces mechanisms of pathogenesis related to cardiopulmonary pathologies and long-term diseases such as asthma, allergies, and cancer. This review summarizes the cellular and physiological responses of humans to exhaust emissions in a comprehensive fashion, and is important for legislative developments in fuel politics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Andersen
- Vestlandsforskning, Fosshaugane Campus, 6851 Sogndal, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ross JA, Nelson GB, Mutlu E, Warren SH, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. DNA adducts induced by in vitro activation of extracts of diesel and biodiesel exhaust particles. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 27:576-84. [PMID: 26514785 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1068892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biodiesel and biodiesel-blend fuels offer a renewable alternative to petroleum diesel, but few data are available concerning the carcinogenic potential of biodiesel exhausts. OBJECTIVES We compared the formation of covalent DNA adducts by the in vitro metabolic activation of organic extracts of diesel-exhaust particles (DEP) from petroleum diesel and soy biodiesel and correlated DNA adduct levels and mutagenicity in Salmonella TA100. METHODS We examined two different DEP from petroleum diesel (C-DEP and B0), one from soy bean oil biodiesel (B100) and one from combustion of a blend of 20% B100 and 80% B0 (B20) for in vitro DNA adduct-forming potential under oxidative or nitroreductive conditions in the presence of calf thymus DNA as well as in vivo in Salmonella TA100. The modified DNA was hydrolyzed and analyzed by (32)P-postlabeling using either butanol extraction or nuclease P1 pre-enrichment. RESULTS Multiple DNA adducts were produced with chromatographic mobilities consistent with PAH and nitro-PAH adducts. The types and quantities of DNA adducts produced by the two independent petroleum diesel DEP were similar, with both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)- and nitro-PAH-derived adducts formed. Relative potencies for S9-mediated DNA adduct formation, either per mass of particulate or per MJ(th) energy consumed were B100 > B0 > B20. CONCLUSIONS Soy biodiesel emissions induced DNA damage in the form of presumptive PAH and nitro-PAH DNA adducts that correlated with mutagenicity in Salmonella. B20 is the soy biodiesel used most commonly in the US, and it produced the lowest DNA adduct-emission factor, ∼50% that of petroleum diesel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Ross
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - Garret B Nelson
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and.,b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bünger J, Bünger JF, Krahl J, Munack A, Schröder O, Brüning T, Hallier E, Westphal GA. Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1471-9. [PMID: 26126632 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High particle emissions and strong mutagenic effects were observed after combustion of vegetable oil in diesel engines. This study tested the hypothesis that these results are affected by the amount of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils. Four different vegetable oils (coconut oil, CO; linseed oil, LO; palm tree oil, PO; and rapeseed oil, RO) and common diesel fuel (DF) were combusted in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The exhausts were investigated for particle emissions and mutagenic effects in direct comparison with emissions of DF. The engine was operated using the European Stationary Cycle. Particle masses were measured gravimetrically while mutagenicity was determined using the bacterial reverse mutation assay with tester strains TA98 and TA100. Combustion of LO caused the largest amount of total particulate matter (TPM). In comparison with DF, it particularly raised the soluble organic fraction (SOF). RO presented second highest TPM and SOF, followed by CO and PO, which were scarcely above DF. RO revealed the highest number of mutations of the vegetable oils closely followed by LO. PO was less mutagenic, but still induced stronger effects than DF. While TPM and SOF were strongly correlated with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the vegetable oils, mutagenicity had a significant correlation with the amount of total unsaturated fatty acids. This study supports the hypothesis that numbers of double bounds in unsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils combusted in diesel engines influence the amount of emitted particles and the mutagenicity of the exhaust. Further investigations have to elucidate the causal relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), University of Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jörn F Bünger
- Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Waldweg 37 B, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krahl
- Technology Transfer Center Automotive Coburg (TAC), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Friedrich-Streib-Straße 2, 96450, Coburg, Germany
| | - Axel Munack
- Thünen Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Olaf Schröder
- Technology Transfer Center Automotive Coburg (TAC), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Friedrich-Streib-Straße 2, 96450, Coburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), University of Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ernst Hallier
- Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Waldweg 37 B, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Götz A Westphal
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), University of Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|