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Testing Strategies of the In Vitro Micronucleus Assay for the Genotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials in BEAS-2B Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081929. [PMID: 34443765 PMCID: PMC8399994 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the frequency of micronuclei (MN) is a broadly utilised approach in in vitro toxicity testing. Nevertheless, the specific properties of nanomaterials (NMs) give rise to concerns regarding the optimal methodological variants of the MN assay. In bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), we tested the genotoxicity of five types of NMs (TiO2: NM101, NM103; SiO2: NM200; Ag: NM300K, NM302) using four variants of MN protocols, differing in the time of exposure and the application of cytochalasin-B combined with the simultaneous and delayed co-treatment with NMs. Using transmission electron microscopy, we evaluated the impact of cytochalasin-B on the transport of NMs into the cells. To assess the behaviour of NMs in a culture media for individual testing conditions, we used dynamic light scattering measurement. The presence of NMs in the cells, their intracellular aggregation and dispersion properties were comparable when tests with or without cytochalasin-B were performed. The genotoxic potential of various TiO2 and Ag particles differed (NM101 < NM103 and NM302 < NM300K, respectively). The application of cytochalasin-B tended to increase the percentage of aberrant cells. In conclusion, the comparison of the testing strategies revealed that the level of DNA damage induced by NMs is affected by the selected methodological approach. This fact should be considered in the interpretation of the results of genotoxicity tests.
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Rossnerova A, Pelclova D, Zdimal V, Rossner P, Elzeinova F, Vrbova K, Topinka J, Schwarz J, Ondracek J, Kostejn M, Komarc M, Vlckova S, Fenclova Z, Dvorackova S. The repeated cytogenetic analysis of subjects occupationally exposed to nanoparticles: a pilot study. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:253-263. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The application of nanomaterials has been rapidly increasing during recent years. Inhalation exposure to nanoparticles (NP) may result in negative toxic effects but there is a critical lack of human studies, especially those related to possible DNA alterations. We analyzed pre-shift and post-shift a group of nanocomposite researchers with a long-term working background (17.8 ± 10.0 years) and matched controls. The study group consisted of 73.2% males and 26.8% females. Aerosol exposure monitoring during a working shift (involving welding, smelting, machining) to assess the differences in exposure to particulate matter (PM) including nanosized fractions <25–100 nm, and their chemical analysis, was carried out. A micronucleus assay using Human Pan Centromeric probes, was applied to distinguish between the frequency of centromere positive (CEN+) and centromere negative (CEN−) micronuclei (MN) in the binucleated cells. This approach allowed recognition of the types of chromosomal damage: losses and breaks. The monitoring data revealed differences in the exposure to NP related to individual working processes, and in the chemical composition of nanofraction. The cytogenetic results of this pilot study demonstrated a lack of effect of long-term (years) exposure to NP (total frequency of MN, P = 0.743), although this exposure may be responsible for DNA damage pattern changes (12% increase of chromosomal breaks—clastogenic effect). Moreover, short-term (daily shift) exposure could be a reason for the increase of chromosomal breaks in a subgroup of researchers involved in welding and smelting processes (clastogenic effect, P = 0.037). The gender and/or gender ratio of the study participants was also an important factor for the interpretation of the results. As this type of human study is unique, further research is needed to understand the effects of long-term and short-term exposure to NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Pelclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zdimal
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Elzeinova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Vrbova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostejn
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Komarc
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Vlckova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Fenclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Dvorackova
- Department of Machining and Assembly, Technical University in Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technical University in Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Department of Material Science, Technical University in Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
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Kazimirova A, Baranokova M, Staruchova M, Drlickova M, Volkovova K, Dusinska M. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles tested for genotoxicity with the comet and micronucleus assays in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 843:57-65. [PMID: 31421740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in TK6 lymphoblastoid cells, lymphocytes from human volunteers, and bone marrow erythrocytes from rats exposed in vivo; and with the comet assay (detecting both strand breaks and oxidised purines) in human and rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). NPs were dispersed using three different methods giving different size distribution and stability. On average, TiO2 NPs caused no increase in micronuclei in TK6 cells, rat bone marrow erythrocytes or human lymphocytes (though lymphocytes from 3 out of 13 human subjects showed significant increases). PBMCs from rats treated in vivo with a single dose of NPs dispersed by a method with low agglomeration showed an increase in strand breaks after 1 day. TiO2 NPs dispersed in a stable, non-agglomerated state induced DNA strand breaks at 75 μg/cm2 after 4 h exposure of human PBMCs and at 15 μg/cm2 and 75 μg/cm2 after 24 h exposure, but no increase in DNA oxidation was seen. Overall, NPs in an agglomerated state did not cause DNA damage. However, at the individual level, significant increases in strand breaks were seen in PBMCs from most of the volunteers. Cells from one volunteer showed positive effects in all conditions and both tests, while cells from another volunteer appeared to be completely resitant to TiO2 NPs. The implication is that some individuals may be more sensitive than others to effects of this nanomaterial. Differences seen in results obtained with the micronucleus and the comet assay may be due to the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs and the different endpoints represented by the two assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kazimirova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Magdalena Baranokova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Staruchova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Drlickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Volkovova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
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Qiu TA, Clement PL, Haynes CL. Linking nanomaterial properties to biological outcomes: analytical chemistry challenges in nanotoxicology for the next decade. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12787-12803. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06473c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article provides our perspective on the analytical challenges in nanotoxicology as the field is entering its third decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian A. Qiu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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