1
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Evangelopoulos ME, Koutsis G, Boufidou F, Markianos M. Cholesterol levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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2
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A Scoping Review on Body Fluid Biomarkers for Prognosis and Disease Activity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091430. [PMID: 36143216 PMCID: PMC9501898 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, presenting with different clinical forms, including clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which is a first clinical episode suggestive of demyelination. Several molecules have been proposed as prognostic biomarkers in MS. We aimed to perform a scoping review of the potential use of prognostic biomarkers in MS clinical practice. We searched MEDLINE up to 25 November 2021 for review articles assessing body fluid biomarkers for prognostic purposes, including any type of biomarkers, cell types and tissues. Original articles were obtained to confirm and detail the data reported by the review authors. We evaluated the reliability of the biomarkers based on the sample size used by various studies. Fifty-two review articles were included. We identified 110 molecules proposed as prognostic biomarkers. Only six studies had an adequate sample size to explore the risk of conversion from CIS to MS. These confirm the role of oligoclonal bands, immunoglobulin free light chain and chitinase CHI3L1 in CSF and of serum vitamin D in the prediction of conversion from CIS to clinically definite MS. Other prognostic markers are not yet explored in adequately powered samples. Serum and CSF levels of neurofilaments represent a promising biomarker.
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3
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Wang WZ, Li MW, Chen Y, Liu LY, Xu Y, Xia ZH, Yu Y, Wang XD, Chen W, Zhang F, Xu XY, Gao YF, Zhang JG, Qin SC, Wang H. 3×Tg-AD Mice Overexpressing Phospholipid Transfer Protein Improves Cognition Through Decreasing Amyloid-β Production and Tau Hyperphosphorylation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1635-1649. [PMID: 34219730 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) belongs to the lipid transfer glycoprotein family. Studies have shown that it is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the exact effect and mechanism remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of PLTP overexpression on behavioral dysfunction and the related mechanisms in APP/PS1/Tau triple transgenic (3×Tg-AD) mice. METHODS AAV-PLTP-EGFP was injected into the lateral ventricle to induce PLTP overexpression. The memory of 3×Tg-AD mice and wild type (WT) mice aged 10 months were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle-box passive avoidance test (PAT). Western blotting and ELISA assays were used to quantify the protein contents. Hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and immunochemistry staining were utilized in observing the pathological changes in the brain. RESULTS 3×Tg-AD mice displayed cognitive impairment in WMW and PAT, which was ameliorated by PLTP overexpression. The histopathological hallmarks of AD, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, were observed in 3×Tg-AD mice and were improved by PLTP overexpression. Besides, the increase of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) and Aβ40 were found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 3×Tg-AD mice and reversed by PLTP overexpression through inhibiting APP and PS1. PLTP overexpression also reversed tau phosphorylation at the Ser404, Thr231 and Ser199 of the hippocampus in 3×Tg-AD mice. Furthermore, PLTP overexpression induced the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inactivation via upregulating GSK3β (pSer9). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PLTP overexpression has neuroprotective effects. These effects are possibly achieved through the inhibition of the Aβ production and tau phosphorylation, which is related to GSK3β inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Ming-Wei Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Xia
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis, University of Shandong, Jinan, China.,Institute of Artherosclerosis, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yong-Feng Gao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Ji-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Shu-Cun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis, University of Shandong, Jinan, China.,Institute of Artherosclerosis, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
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4
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Wang H, Chen MH, Chen W, Zhang JG, Qin SC. Roles and mechanisms of phospholipid transfer protein in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21:659-667. [PMID: 33851473 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) is a complex glycosylated protein that mediates the transfer of phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol, diacylglycerides, specific apolipoproteins, and tocopherols between different classes of lipoproteins as well as between lipoproteins and cells. Many studies have associated PLTP with a variety of lipid metabolic diseases. However, recent studies have indicated that PLTP is highly expressed in the brain of vertebrate and may be related to many central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Here, we review the data and report the role and mechanisms PLTP in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Mei-Hua Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Ji-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Shu-Cun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
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5
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Breaking the barrier: In vitro models to study choroid plexus development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:41-49. [PMID: 34182208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus is central to normal brain function by secreting cerebrospinal fluid and dynamically regulating its composition throughout development and homoeostasis. Much of our current understanding of this region of the brain comes from studies in animal models. These fundamental studies have shed light on choroid plexus mechanisms of secretion, barrier function and homoeostatic regulation. However, how these specific mechanisms are regulated in the human choroid plexus is much less understood, due to ethical and technical limitations. A number of recent breakthroughs have enabled a new range of techniques and tools for functional characterisation of choroid plexus development and physiology. With the advance of new technologies such as in vivo imaging, single-cell transcriptomics and in vitro three-dimensional cultures we are now able to address a number of outstanding questions in choroid plexus biology. Here, we discuss some of these recent breakthroughs and we focus in particular on how in vitro models can be a powerful tool to study human cerebrospinal fluid secretion and barrier function.
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6
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Jiang XC, Yu Y. The Role of Phospholipid Transfer Protein in the Development of Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:9. [PMID: 33496859 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), a member of lipid transfer protein family, is an important protein involved in lipid metabolism in the circulation. This article reviews recent PLTP research progresses, involving lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS PLTP activity influences atherogenic and anti-atherogenic lipoprotein levels. Human serum PLTP activity is a risk factor for human cardiovascular disease and is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality. PLTP deficiency reduces VLDL and LDL levels and attenuates atherosclerosis in mouse models, while PLTP overexpression exerts an opposite effect. Both PLTP deficiency and overexpression result in reduction of HDL which has different size, inflammatory index, and lipid composition. Moreover, although both PLTP deficiency and overexpression reduce cholesterol efflux capacity, but this effect has no impact in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice. Furthermore, PLTP activity is related with metabolic syndrome, thrombosis, and inflammation. PLTP could be target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, although some potential off-target effects should be noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Yang Yu
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, People's Republic of China
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7
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Pietroboni AM, Colombi A, Carandini T, Scarpini E, Galimberti D, Bozzali M. The Role of Amyloid-β in White Matter Damage: Possible Common Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative and Demyelinating Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:13-22. [PMID: 32925075 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Just as multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been primarily considered a white matter (WM) disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has for decades been regarded only as a grey matter disorder. However, convergent evidences have suggested that WM abnormalities are also important components of AD, at the same extent as axonal and neuronal loss is critically involved in MS pathophysiology since early clinical stages. These observations have motivated a more thorough investigation about the possible mechanisms that could link neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, focusing on amyloid-β (Aβ). Neuroimaging studies have found that patients with AD have widespread WM abnormalities already at the earliest disease stages and prior to the presence of Aβ plaques. Moreover, a correlation between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ levels and WM lesion load was found. On the other hand, recent studies suggest a predictive role for CSF Aβ levels in MS, possibly due in the first instance to the reduced capacity for remyelination, consequently to a higher risk of WM damage progression, and ultimately to neuronal loss. We undertook a review of the recent findings concerning the involvement of CSF Aβ levels in the MS disease course and of the latest evidence of AD related WM abnormalities, with the aim to discuss the potential causes that may connect WM damage and amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Pietroboni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Centre, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Carandini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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8
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Pellegrini L, Bonfio C, Chadwick J, Begum F, Skehel M, Lancaster MA. Human CNS barrier-forming organoids with cerebrospinal fluid production. Science 2020; 369:eaaz5626. [PMID: 32527923 PMCID: PMC7116154 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a vital liquid, providing nutrients and signaling molecules and clearing out toxic by-products from the brain. The CSF is produced by the choroid plexus (ChP), a protective epithelial barrier that also prevents free entry of toxic molecules or drugs from the blood. Here, we establish human ChP organoids with a selective barrier and CSF-like fluid secretion in self-contained compartments. We show that this in vitro barrier exhibits the same selectivity to small molecules as the ChP in vivo and that ChP-CSF organoids can predict central nervous system (CNS) permeability of new compounds. The transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of ChP-CSF organoids reveal a high degree of similarity to the ChP in vivo. Finally, the intersection of single-cell transcriptomics and proteomic analysis uncovers key human CSF components produced by previously unidentified specialized epithelial subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pellegrini
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Claudia Bonfio
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jessica Chadwick
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Farida Begum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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9
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Malaguti M, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Hrelia S. Nutraceuticals and physical activity: Their role on oxysterols-mediated neurodegeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105430. [PMID: 31325497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the contribution of oxysterols to the onset and development of some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) has been scientifically asserted, being mainly related to altered brain cholesterol homeostasis. To counteract oxysterol induced inflammation at neuronal level, one possible intervention approach is the administration of some nutrients and/or plant secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the pleiotropic beneficial effects of physical activity seem to play an important role on prevention and counteraction of neurodegenerative diseases, through the modulation of oxysterol homeostasis and the prevention of demyelination. The present review provides a picture of the promising role of nutraceuticals and physical activity on oxysterol-mediated neurodegeneration, pointing out also the different in vitro and in vivo aspects that need to be further investigated for a better understanding of the association of these three counterparts and their overall effect on people at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy.
| | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences DISAFA, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy
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10
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Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis diagnosis from cerebrospinal fluids via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1025. [PMID: 29348591 PMCID: PMC5773569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory and degenerative disease of central nervous system. Here, we aimed to develop a method for differential diagnosis of Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients, as well as to identify CIS patients who will progress to RRMS, from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Spectral analyses demonstrated significant differences in the molecular contents, especially in the lipids and Z conformation of DNA of CSF from CIS, CIS to RRMS transformed (TCIS) and RRMS groups. These changes enables the discrimination of diseased groups and controls (individuals with no neurological disease) from each other using hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis. Some CIS samples were consistently clustered in RRMS class, which may indicate that these CIS patients potentially will transform to RRMS over time. Z-DNA band at 795 cm−1 that is existent only in diseased groups and significant increase in carbonyl amount, decrease in amideI/amide II and lipid/protein ratios observed only for RRMS groups can be used as diagnostic biomarkers. The results of the present study shed light on the early diagnosis of RRMS by IR spectroscopy complemented with multivariate analysis tools.
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11
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Houdebine L, Gallelli CA, Rastelli M, Sampathkumar NK, Grenier J. Effect of physical exercise on brain and lipid metabolism in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:127-134. [PMID: 28606714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous demyelinating disease characterized by cyclic loss and repair of myelin sheaths associated with chronic inflammation and neuronal loss. This degenerative pathology is accompanied by modified levels of oxysterols (oxidative derivatives of cholesterol, implicated in cholesterol metabolism), highlighted in the brain, blood and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. The pathological accumulation of such derivatives is thought to participate in the onset and progression of the disease through their implication in inflammation, oxidative stress, demyelination and neurodegeneration. In this context, physical exercise is envisaged as a complementary resource to ameliorate therapeutic strategies. Indeed, physical activity exerts beneficial effects on neuronal plasticity, decreases inflammation and oxidative stress and improves blood-brain integrity in extents that could be beneficial for brain health. The present review attempts to summarize the available data on the positive effect of physical exercise to highlight possible links between physical activity and modulation of cholesterol/oxysterol homeostasis in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Houdebine
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMRS 1124, France
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12
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Expression profiles of cholesterol metabolism-related genes are altered during development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat spinal cord. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2702. [PMID: 28578430 PMCID: PMC5457442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased evidence suggests that dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism may be a key event contributing to progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS we revealed specific changes in the mRNA and protein expression of key molecules involved in the maintaining of cholesterol homeostasis in the rat spinal cord: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) during the course of disease. The presence of myelin lipid debris was seen only at the peak of EAE in demyelination loci being efficiently removed during the recovery period. Since CYP46A1 is responsible for removal of cholesterol excess, we performed a detailed profiling of CYP46A1 expression and revealed regional and temporal specificities in its distribution. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated CYP46A1 localization with neurons, infiltrated macrophages, microglia and astrocytes in the areas of demyelination, suggesting that these cells play a role in cholesterol turnover in EAE. We propose that alterations in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the onset and peak of EAE may add to the progression of disease, while during the recovery period may have beneficial effects contributing to the regeneration of myelin sheath and restoration of neuronal function.
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13
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Berghoff SA, Gerndt N, Winchenbach J, Stumpf SK, Hosang L, Odoardi F, Ruhwedel T, Böhler C, Barrette B, Stassart R, Liebetanz D, Dibaj P, Möbius W, Edgar JM, Saher G. Dietary cholesterol promotes repair of demyelinated lesions in the adult brain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14241. [PMID: 28117328 PMCID: PMC5286209 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder in which remyelination failure contributes to persistent disability. Cholesterol is rate-limiting for myelin biogenesis in the developing CNS; however, whether cholesterol insufficiency contributes to remyelination failure in MS, is unclear. Here, we show the relationship between cholesterol, myelination and neurological parameters in mouse models of demyelination and remyelination. In the cuprizone model, acute disease reduces serum cholesterol levels that can be restored by dietary cholesterol. Concomitant with blood-brain barrier impairment, supplemented cholesterol directly supports oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation and differentiation, and restores the balance of growth factors, creating a permissive environment for repair. This leads to attenuated axon damage, enhanced remyelination and improved motor learning. Remarkably, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cholesterol supplementation does not exacerbate disease expression. These findings emphasize the safety of dietary cholesterol in inflammatory diseases and point to a previously unrecognized role of cholesterol in promoting repair after demyelinating episodes. Cholesterol is important for axonal myelination during development. Here the authors show that cholesterol levels are reduced in a cuprizone mouse model of multiple sclerosis and that dietary cholesterol supplementation enhances remyelination and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Gerndt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Winchenbach
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sina K Stumpf
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leon Hosang
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Böhler
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benoit Barrette
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Payam Dibaj
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12-8TA, UK
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Shinohara M, Kanekiyo T, Yang L, Linthicum D, Shinohara M, Fu Y, Price L, Frisch-Daiello JL, Han X, Fryer JD, Bu G. APOE2 eases cognitive decline during Aging: Clinical and preclinical evaluations. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:758-774. [PMID: 26933942 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a major cholesterol carrier in the brain, is associated with a strong risk for Alzheimer disease. Compared to the risky APOE4 gene allele, the effects of the protective APOE2 gene allele are vastly understudied, and thus need to be further clarified. METHODS We reviewed National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center clinical records and performed preclinical experiments using human apoE-targeted replacement (apoE-TR) mice, which do not show amyloid pathology. RESULTS Clinically, the APOE2 allele was associated with less cognitive decline during aging. This effect was also seen in subjects with little amyloid pathology, or after adjusting for Alzheimer disease-related pathologies. In animal studies, aged apoE2-TR mice also exhibited preserved memory function in water maze tests. Regardless, apoE2-TR mice showed similar or greater age-related changes in synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress compared to apoE3-TR or apoE4-TR mice. Interestingly, apoE concentrations in the cortex, hippocampus, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were positively correlated with memory performance across apoE isoforms, where apoE2-TR mice had higher apoE levels. Moreover, apoE2-TR mice exhibited the lowest levels of cholesterol in the cortex, despite higher levels in CSF and plasma. These cholesterol levels were associated with apoE levels and memory performance across apoE isoforms. INTERPRETATION APOE2 is associated with less cognitive decline during aging. This can occur independently of age-related synaptic/neuroinflammatory changes and amyloid accumulation. Higher levels of apoE and associated cholesterol metabolism in APOE2 carriers might contribute to this protective effect. Ann Neurol 2016;79:758-774.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Longyu Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Laura Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Xianlin Han
- Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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Zhornitsky S, McKay KA, Metz LM, Teunissen CE, Rangachari M. Cholesterol and markers of cholesterol turnover in multiple sclerosis: relationship with disease outcomes. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 5:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Elevated Phospholipid Transfer Protein in Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis. J Lipids 2015; 2015:518654. [PMID: 26347820 PMCID: PMC4549613 DOI: 10.1155/2015/518654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An anomaly in the plasma proteins of patients with multiple sclerosis detectable on SDS-PAGE has been reported. The molecular weight of the anomaly was the same as the phospholipid transfer protein. A metabolic protein was involved in lipid homeostasis and remodeling of the high density lipoproteins. We have identified the anomaly as the phospholipid transfer protein by western blot using antiphospholipid transfer antibodies. Activity assays showed that the phospholipid transfer activity was elevated in fasted plasma samples from subjects with MS compared to controls. Sequence analysis of the gene encoding the phospholipid transfer protein did not identify any mutations in the genetic structure, suggesting that the increase in activity was not due to structural changes in the protein, but may be due to one of the other proteins with which it forms active complexes. Altered phospholipid transfer activity is important because it could be implicated in the decreased lipid uptake and abnormal myelin lipids observed in multiple sclerosis. It has been shown that alteration in myelin lipid content is an epitope for autoimmunity. Therefore, lipid changes due to a defect in phospholipid transfer and/or uptake could potentially influence the course of the disease. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of the phospholipid transfer protein in subjects with multiple sclerosis.
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