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Zhang Y, Zhan L, Jiang X, Tang X. Comprehensive review for non-coding RNAs: From mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116218. [PMID: 38643906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an assorted collection of transcripts that are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have gained prominence as crucial regulators of various biological functions across diverse cell types and tissues, and their abnormal functioning has been implicated in disease. Notably, extensive research has focused on the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other types of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as significant contributors to human disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and infectious diseases. Moreover, we discuss the potential utilization of ncRNAs as disease biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China
| | - Lijuan Zhan
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China.
| | - Xiaozhu Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Kunze R, Fischer S, Marti HH, Preissner KT. Brain alarm by self-extracellular nucleic acids: from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:64. [PMID: 37550658 PMCID: PMC10405513 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, as well as the neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease are accompanied or even powered by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), defined as endogenous molecules released from stressed or damaged tissue. Besides protein-related DAMPs or "alarmins", numerous nucleic acid DAMPs exist in body fluids, such as cell-free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as well as different species of extracellular RNA, collectively termed as self-extracellular nucleic acids (SENAs). Among these, microRNA, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and extracellular ribosomal RNA constitute the majority of RNA-based DAMPs. Upon tissue injury, necrosis or apoptosis, such SENAs are released from neuronal, immune and other cells predominantly in association with extracellular vesicles and may be translocated to target cells where they can induce intracellular regulatory pathways in gene transcription and translation. The majority of SENA-induced signaling reactions in the brain appear to be related to neuroinflammatory processes, often causally associated with the onset or progression of the respective disease. In this review, the impact of the diverse types of SENAs on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Based on the accumulating knowledge in this field, several specific antagonistic approaches are presented that could serve as therapeutic interventions to lower the pathological outcome of the indicated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hugo H. Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Kerckhoff-Heart-Research-Institute, Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Elkhodiry AA, Zamzam DA, El Tayebi HM. MicroRNA‑155 modulation of CD8 + T‑cell activity personalizes response to disease‑modifying therapies of patients with relapsing‑remitting multiple sclerosis. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2023; 3:20. [PMID: 37032715 PMCID: PMC10080195 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease where activated immune cells can attack oligodendrocytes causing damage to the myelin sheath. Several molecular mechanisms are responsible for the auto-activation of immune cells such as RNA interference (RNAi) through microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). In the present study, the role of miR-155 in regulating CD8+ T-cell activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) was investigated, in terms of its migratory functions with regard to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and integrin subunit β2 (ITGB2), and its cytotoxic proteins, perforin and granzyme B. Gene expression of miR-155, ICAM1, ITGB2, perforin and granzyme B was evaluated following epigenetic modulations using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in CD8+ T-cells isolated from blood samples of patients with RRMS and compared to healthy controls. The ectopic expression of miR-155 resulted in a persistent downregulation in all genes of interest related to CD8+ T-cell activation that were positively correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale of patients. The present study revealed the interplay between miR-155, ICAM1, and ITGB2, shedding light on their beneficial use as possible therapeutic regulators and diagnostic biomarkers of disease. Moreover, epigenetic modulations enhancing the efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may be employed as personalized therapy, to decrease the side effects of DMTs and improve the outcomes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A. Elkhodiry
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina A. Zamzam
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hend M. El Tayebi
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence to: Dr Hend M. El Tayebi, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Gamal Abdelnasser Street, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Amin NS, Abd El-Aziz MK, Hamed M, Moustafa RR, El Tayebi HM. Rs205764 and rs547311 in linc00513 may influence treatment responses in multiple sclerosis patients: A pharmacogenomics Egyptian study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087595. [PMID: 36883100 PMCID: PMC9985893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a complex etiology that is reflected in the lack of consistently predictable treatment responses across patients of seemingly similar characteristics. Approaches to demystify the underlying predictors of aberrant treatment responses have made use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), with imminent progress made in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with MS risk, disease progression, and treatment response. Ultimately, such pharmacogenomic studies aim to utilize the approach of personalized medicine to maximize patient benefit and minimize rate of disease progression. Objective Very limited research is available around the long intergenic non-coding RNA (linc)00513, recently being reported as a novel positive regulator of the type-1 interferon (IFN) pathway, following its overexpression in the presence of two polymorphisms: rs205764 and rs547311 in the promoter region of this gene. We attempt to provide data on the prevalence of genetic variations at rs205764 and rs547311 in Egyptian MS patients, and correlate these polymorphisms with the patients' responses to disease-modifying treatments. Methods Genomic DNA from 144 RRMS patients was isolated and analyzed for genotypes at the positions of interest on linc00513 using RT-qPCR. Genotype groups were compared with regards to their response to treatment; additional secondary clinical parameters including the estimated disability status score (EDSS), and onset of the disease were examined in relation to these polymorphisms. Results Polymorphisms at rs205764 were associated with a significantly higher response to fingolimod and a significantly lower response to dimethylfumarate. Moreover, the average EDSS of patients carrying polymorphisms at rs547311 was significantly higher, whereas no correlation appeared to exist with the onset of MS. Conclusion Understanding the complex interplay of factors influencing treatment response is pivotal in MS. One of the factors contributing to a patient's response to treatment, as well as disease disability, may be polymorphisms on non-coding genetic material, such as rs205764 and rs547311 on linc00513. Through this work, we propose that genetic polymorphisms may partially drive disease disability and inconsistent responses to treatment in MS; we also aim to draw attention towards genetic approaches, such as screening for specific polymorphisms, to possibly direct treatment choices in such a complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Sherif Amin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa K Abd El-Aziz
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramez Reda Moustafa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Tayebi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Kaisey M, Lashgari G, Fert-Bober J, Ontaneda D, Solomon AJ, Sicotte NL. An Update on Diagnostic Laboratory Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022; 22:675-688. [PMID: 36269540 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-022-01227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For many patients, the multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnostic process can be lengthy, costly, and fraught with error. Recent research aims to address the unmet need for an accurate and simple diagnostic process through discovery of novel diagnostic biomarkers. This review summarizes recent studies on MS diagnostic fluid biomarkers, with a focus on blood biomarkers, and includes discussion of technical limitations and practical applicability. RECENT FINDINGS This line of research is in its early days. Accurate and easily obtainable biomarkers for MS have not yet been identified and validated, but several approaches to uncover them are underway. Continue efforts to define laboratory diagnostic biomarkers are likely to play an increasingly important role in defining MS at the earliest stages, leading to better long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Kaisey
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Neurology, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Ghazal Lashgari
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Neurology, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Neurology, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. U10 Mellen Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Andrew J Solomon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont University Health Center, Arnold 2, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Nancy L Sicotte
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Neurology, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Wang L, Liang Y. MicroRNAs as T Lymphocyte Regulators in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:865529. [PMID: 35548667 PMCID: PMC9082748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.865529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding small RNA with regulatory activities, which generally regulates the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically affect young adults. T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS, and studies have suggested that miRNAs are involved in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and functional maintenance of T lymphocytes in MS. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs may lead to the differentiation balance and dysfunction of T lymphocytes, and they are thus involved in the occurrence and development of MS. In addition, some specific miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-326, may have potential diagnostic values for MS or be useful for discriminating subtypes of MS. Moreover, miRNAs may be a promising therapeutic strategy for MS by regulating T lymphocyte function. By summarizing the recent literature, we reviewed the involvement of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and disease progression of MS by regulating T lymphocytes, the possibility of differentially expressed miRNAs to function as biomarkers for MS diagnosis, and the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in MS by regulating T lymphocytes.
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Sun P, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Non-coding RNAs in the regulation of blood–brain barrier functions in central nervous system disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 35346266 PMCID: PMC8959280 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an essential component of the neurovascular unit that controls the exchanges of various biological substances between the blood and the brain. BBB damage is a common feature of different central nervous systems (CNS) disorders and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are important regulatory RNA molecules that are involved in almost all cellular processes in normal development and various diseases, including CNS diseases. Cumulative evidences have demonstrated ncRNA regulation of BBB functions in different CNS diseases. In this review, we have summarized the miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs that can be served as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for BBB injuries, and demonstrated the involvement and underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs in modulating BBB structure and function in various CNS diseases, including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), brain tumors, brain infections, diabetes, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), and others. We have also discussed the pharmaceutical drugs that can regulate BBB functions via ncRNAs-related signaling cascades in CNS disorders, along with the challenges, perspective, and therapeutic potential of ncRNA regulation of BBB functions in CNS diseases.
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