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Alam MK, Sahadat Hossain M, Kawsar M, Bahadur NM, Ahmed S. Synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite using emulsion, pyrolysis, combustion, and sonochemical methods and biogenic sources: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3548-3559. [PMID: 38259993 PMCID: PMC10801447 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is comparable to materials in bone because its chemical components are similar to those contained in animal bone, and thus, its bioactive and biocompatible properties are similar. There are applications for HAp and relevant calcium phosphate in the medical and industrial sectors, and due to the rising demand for HAp nanoparticles, considerable work has been performed to develop a variety of synthetic pathways that incorporate scientifically and practically novel aspects. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine how changes in reaction parameters will successfully influence crucial HAp features. HAp can also be synthesized from biogenic sources such as HAp-rich fish scales or animal bones as an alternative to chemical precursors. Various preparation techniques produce crystals with varying sizes, but it has been found that nano-sized HAp exhibits a greater number of bioactive properties as compared to micron-sized HAp. Rather than considering conventional methods, this review focuses on alternative approaches such as emulsion, pyrolysis, combustion, and sonochemical methods along with waste bio-sources (biogenic sources) to obtain HAp. We summarize the currently accessible information pertaining to each synthesis process, while also focusing on their benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kawcher Alam
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahadat Hossain
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Kawsar
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh
| | - Newaz Mohammed Bahadur
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh
| | - Samina Ahmed
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
- BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
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Aaddouz M, Azzaoui K, Sabbahi R, Youssoufi MH, Yahyaoui MI, Asehraou A, El Miz M, Hammouti B, Shityakov S, Siaj M, Mejdoubi E. Cheminformatics-Based Design and Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:85. [PMID: 38201750 PMCID: PMC10780405 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a novel cheminformatics approach for the design and synthesis of hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposites, which have potential biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and orthopedic and dental implants. The nanocomposites are synthesized by the co-precipitation method with different ratios of hydroxyapatite and collagen. Their mechanical, biological, and degradation properties are analyzed using various experimental and computational techniques. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction unveil the low crystallinity and nanoscale particle size of hydroxyapatite (22.62 nm) and hydroxyapatite/collagen composites (14.81 nm). These findings are substantiated by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confirming the Ca/P ratio between 1.65 and 1.53 and attesting to the formation of non-stoichiometric apatites in all samples, further validated by molecular simulation. The antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposites is evaluated in vitro against several bacterial and fungal strains, demonstrating their medical potential. Additionally, in silico analyses are performed to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and the bioavailability of the collagen samples. This study paves the way for the development of novel biomaterials using chemoinformatics tools and methods, facilitating the optimization of design and synthesis parameters, as well as the prediction of biological outcomes. Future research directions should encompass the investigation of in vivo biocompatibility and bioactivity of the nanocomposites, while exploring further applications and functionalities of these innovative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aaddouz
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Team: Mineral Chemistry of Solids, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed 1st University, P.O. Box 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.Y.); (E.M.)
| | - Khalil Azzaoui
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco;
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Polytechnic School, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes, P.O. Box 15, Fes 30070, Morocco;
| | - Rachid Sabbahi
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Polytechnic School, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes, P.O. Box 15, Fes 30070, Morocco;
- Higher School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Quartier 25 Mars, P.O. Box 3007, Laayoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Moulay Hfid Youssoufi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Team: Mineral Chemistry of Solids, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed 1st University, P.O. Box 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.Y.); (E.M.)
| | - Meryem Idrissi Yahyaoui
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.I.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.I.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohamed El Miz
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LCM2E), Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, University Mohamed I, Nador 60700, Morocco;
| | - Belkheir Hammouti
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Polytechnic School, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes, P.O. Box 15, Fes 30070, Morocco;
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Würzburg University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM/QCAM, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Elmiloud Mejdoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Team: Mineral Chemistry of Solids, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed 1st University, P.O. Box 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.Y.); (E.M.)
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Rojewska M, Adamska K, Kurnatowska J, Miklaszewski A, Bartkowska A, Prochaska K. Preparation of Thin Films Containing Modified Hydroxyapatite Particles and Phospholipids (DPPC) for Improved Properties of Biomaterials. Molecules 2023; 28:7843. [PMID: 38067571 PMCID: PMC10708029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aims of thin biofilm synthesis are to either achieve a new form to promote the transport of drugs in oral delivery systems or as a coating to improve the biocompatibility of the implant's surface. In this study, the Langmuir monolayer technique was employed to obtain films containing Mg-doped hydroxyapatite with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% Mg(II). The obtained modified HA particles were analysed via the FT-IR, XRD, DLS, and SEM methods. It was shown that the modified hydroxyapatite particles were able to form thin films at the air/water interface. BAM microscopy was employed to characterized the morphology of these films. In the next step, the mixed films were prepared using phospholipid (DPPC) molecules and modified hydroxyapatite particles (HA-Mg(II)). We expected that the presence of phospholipids (DPPC) in thin films improved the biocompatibility of the preparing films, while adding HA-Mg(II) particles will promote antibacterial properties and enhance osteogenesis processes. The films were prepared in two ways: (1) by mixing DPPC and HA-Mg (II) and spreading this solution onto the subphase, or (2) by forming DPPC films, dropping the HA-Mg (II) dispersion onto the phospholipid monolayer. Based on the obtained π-A isotherms, the surface parameters of the achieved thin films were estimated. It was observed that the HA-Mg(II) films can be stabilized with phospholipid molecules, and a more stable structure was obtained from films synthesied via method (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rojewska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (K.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Adamska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (K.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Justyna Kurnatowska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (K.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Andrzej Miklaszewski
- Institute of Material Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (A.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Aneta Bartkowska
- Institute of Material Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (A.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Krystyna Prochaska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (K.A.); (J.K.)
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Swapna YV, Mathew CT, K Thomas J. Resistive coupled microwave sintering - A promising technique to fabricate bioceramics with improved properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105488. [PMID: 36201940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the mechanical properties of biocompatible hydroxyapatite is one of the major challenges in the fabrication of bone implants. In this work, phase pure samples of nano-hydroxyapatite with an average crystallite size of 22 nm, were synthesized by a modified single-step combustion technique. The samples were sintered by a novel resistive coupled microwave sintering technique to 98.4% of theoretical density at 1030 °C for a soaking duration of 20 min. The new method yielded pellets with an average grain size of 0.12 ± 0.01 μm, that showed an improved Vickers microhardness of 7.1 GPa, enhanced young's modulus of 110.51 ± 1.8 GPa, and better compressive strength of 172 ± 10 MPa compared to those pellets sintered via conventional resistive heating. The sintered samples showed better cell viability, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and osteogenic potential. The enhanced mechanical properties achieved by resistive coupled microwave sintering without compromising the biological properties is a remarkable result that can effectively be used in the fabrication of high-quality bone substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Swapna
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, 695015, Kerala, India
| | - C T Mathew
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, 695015, Kerala, India
| | - Jijimon K Thomas
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, 695015, Kerala, India.
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Mellati A, Hasanzadeh E, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Enderami SE. Injectable nanocomposite hydrogels as an emerging platform for biomedical applications: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112489. [PMID: 34857275 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have attracted much attention for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to the similarity of their biomimetic structure to the extracellular matrix of natural living tissues, tunable soft porous microarchitecture, superb biomechanical properties, proper biocompatibility, etc. Injectable hydrogels are an exciting type of hydrogels that can be easily injected into the target sites using needles or catheters in a minimally invasive manner. The more comfortable use, less pain, faster recovery period, lower costs, and fewer side effects make injectable hydrogels more attractive to both patients and clinicians in comparison to non-injectable hydrogels. However, it is difficult to achieve an ideal injectable hydrogel using just a single material (i.e., polymer). This challenge can be overcome by incorporating nanofillers into the polymeric matrix to engineer injectable nanocomposite hydrogels with combined or synergistic properties gained from the constituents. This work aims to critically review injectable nanocomposite hydrogels, their preparation methods, properties, functionalities, and versatile biomedical and pharmaceutical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cancer labeling and therapy. The most common natural and synthetic polymers as matrices together with the most popular nanomaterials as reinforcements, including nanoceramics, carbon-based nanostructures, metallic nanomaterials, and various nanosized polymeric materials, are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mellati
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Elham Hasanzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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6
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Veiga A, Castro F, Rocha F, Oliveira AL. An update on hydroxyapatite/collagen composites: What is there left to say about these bioinspired materials? J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:1192-1205. [PMID: 34860461 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/collagen-based composite materials have been a constant in the development of bioinspired materials for bone tissue engineering. The most fundamental research works focus on combining HAp, due to its chemical similarity with the mineral component of bones, and collagen, which is the most abundant protein in the body. Modern studies have explored different two-dimensional (2D) and 3D structures, in order to obtain biomaterials with specific physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics that can be applied in distinct biomedical applications. However, as there is already so much work developed with these materials, it is crucial to question: what can still be done? What is the importance of current know-how for the future of bioinspired materials? In this paper we intend to review and update the available methodologies to synthesize HAp/collagen composites, along with their characteristics. In addition, the future of these materials in terms of applications and their potential as a cutting-edge technology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Veiga
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Castro
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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Jung HG, Lee D, Lee SW, Kim I, Kim Y, Jang JW, Lee JH, Lee G, Yoon DS. Nanoindentation for Monitoring the Time-Variant Mechanical Strength of Drug-Loaded Collagen Hydrogel Regulated by Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9269-9278. [PMID: 33842796 PMCID: PMC8028154 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-complexed collagen (HAP/Col) hydrogels have been widely used in biomedical applications as a scaffold for controlled drug release (DR). The time-variant mechanical properties (Young's modulus, E) of HAP/Col hydrogels are highly relevant to the precise and efficient control of DR. However, the correlation between the DR and the E of hydrogels remains unclear because of the lack of a nondestructive and continuous measuring system. To reveal the correlations, herein, we investigate the time-variant behavior of E for HAP/Col hydrogels during 28 days using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technique. The initial E of hydrogels was controlled from 200 to 9000 Pa by the addition of HAPs. Subsequently, we analyzed the relationship between the DR of the hydrogels and the changes in their mechanical properties (ΔE) during hydrogel degradation. Interestingly, the higher the initial E value of HAP/Col hydrogels is, the higher is the rate of hydrogel degradation over time. However, the DR of hydrogels with higher initial E appeared to be significantly delayed by up to 40% at a maximum. The results indicate that adding an appropriate amount of HAPs into hydrogels plays a crucial role in determining the initial E and their degradation rate, which can contribute to the properties that prolong DR. Our findings may provide insights into designing hydrogels for biomedical applications such as bone regeneration and drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Gi Jung
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Precision Public Health, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Dongtak Lee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Insu Kim
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Precision Public Health, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Jang
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Precision Public Health, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Precision Public Health, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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Barabás R, de Souza Ávila E, Ladeira LO, Antônio LM, Tötös R, Simedru D, Bizo L, Cadar O. Graphene Oxides/Carbon Nanotubes–Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-04058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hanh NT, Bich PTN, Thao HTT. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of calcium hydroxyapatite-alginate in animals. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/vjch.201960002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Viet Nam
| | - Phan Thi Ngoc Bich
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Viet Nam
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Osteoblast responses to injectable bone substitutes of kappa-carrageenan and nano hydroxyapatite. Acta Biomater 2019; 83:425-434. [PMID: 30342285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The combination of kappa-carrageenan (κ-CG) and hydroxyapatite (HA) to generate a bone substitute material has been underexplored to date. Carrageenans (CGs) have remarkable characteristics such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and structural similarities with natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and they have demonstrated the ability to stimulate cellular adhesion and proliferation. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been one of the most investigated materials for bone regeneration due to their excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity. In particular, this study presents an approach for the preparation of new bioactive composites of κ-CG/nHA for numerous bone regeneration applications. We performed a set of in vitro experiments to evaluate the influence of the bone substitutes on human osteoblasts. Cell culture studies indicated that all samples tested were cytocompatible. Relative to control substrates, cellular attachment and proliferation were better on all the scaffold surfaces that were tested. The S2 and S3 samples, those permeated by 1.5 and 2.5 wt% of CG, respectively, exhibited an enhancement in cell spreading capacity compared to the S1 test materials which were comprised of 1 wt% of CG. Excellent osteoblast viability and adhesion were observed for each of the tested materials. Additionally, the bone substitutes developed for this study presented a distinct osteoconductive environment. Data supporting this claim were derived from alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposition analyses, which indicated that, compared to the control species, ALP expression and calcium deposition were both improved on test κ-CG/nHA surfaces. In summary, the injectable bone substitute developed here demonstrated great potential for numerous bone regeneration applications, and thus, should be studied further. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The novelty of this work lies in the determination of the in vitro cytocompatibility behavior of carrageenan and hydroxyapatite composite materials used as injectable bone substitutes. This injectable biomaterial can fill in geometric complex defects, and it displays bioactivity as well as high bone regeneration capacity. In this study, we evaluated the behaviors of osteoblast cells in contact with the scaffolds, including cellular adhesion and proliferation, cellular metabolism, and mineralization on the fabricated injectable bone substitutes. The results show than the carrageenan and hydroxyapatite substitutes provided a biomaterial with a great capacity for promoting cellular growth, adhesion, and proliferation, as well as contributing an osteoinductive environment for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis.
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12
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Nga NK, Thuy Chau NT, Viet PH. Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles mimicking biological apatite from eggshells for bone-tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:769-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takallu S, Mirzaei E, Azadi A, Karimizade A, Tavakol S. Plate‐shape carbonated hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite hydrogel via
in situ
mineralization of hydroxyapatite concurrent with gelation of collagen at pH = 7.4 and 37°C. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1920-1929. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Takallu
- Department of Medical NanotechnologySchool of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical NanotechnologySchool of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Medical NanotechnologySchool of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ayoob Karimizade
- Department of Medical NanotechnologySchool of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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14
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González Ocampo JI, Bassous N, Ossa Orozco CP, Webster TJ. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of an injectable bone substitute of carrageenan and nano hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2984-2993. [PMID: 30367558 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A successful post-surgical implant is associated with accelerated recovery periods, involving the efficient regeneration of lost or non-viable tissue and a reduction in microbial growth. Alternatively, the long-term success of an implant is guided by the selection of an engineered biomimetic material that is biocompatible, non-biodegradable, and stable at the site of implantation, without invoking any non-essential or undesirable biological responses. The potential for developing an injectable bone substitute (IBS) was investigated here. In particular, carrageenan (CG) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) injectable composites were fabricated by chemical cross-linking, and the in vitro behavior of mammalian cells and bacteria on the IBS surface structures were evaluated. Formulations consisting of 1%, 1.5%, and 2.5% CG and 60% nHA by weight were then evaluated for their interactions with human osteoblasts (or bone forming cells). MTS viability testing indicated that osteoblast adhesion and viability on the IBS were excellent and uniform among various formulation types. Bacteria assays were also performed to assess antimicrobial functions on the CG/nHA composite against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. A higher CG content, as found in some samples, correlated with improved Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth inhibition, although other bacteria strains appeared unaffected by the IBS. In summary, this study highlights CG/nHA composites as innovative biomaterials that should be further studied for reduced bacteria activity and promoted osteoblast responses which was achieved without using pharmaceutical drugs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2984-2993, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín I González Ocampo
- Biomaterials Research Group, Bioengineering Program, Engineering Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Nicole Bassous
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claudia P Ossa Orozco
- Biomaterials Research Group, Bioengineering Program, Engineering Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lagazzo A, Barberis F, Carbone C, Ramis G, Finocchio E. Molecular level interactions in brushite-aminoacids composites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 70:721-727. [PMID: 27770947 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of aminoacids (Glycine, Proline, Lysine) with brushite based bone cements has been investigated by several techniques (FTIR spectroscopy, Thermogravimetry-TG, Scanning Electron Microscopy-SEM, mechanical properties studies), with the aim to elucidate the properties of the resulting composite materials and the interaction occurring at molecular level between the inorganic matrix and the organic moieties. Brushite phase is predominantly obtained also in the presence of aminoacids added during preparation of the bone cement. Focusing on Glycine incorporation, the presence of a fraction of bulk Glycine, weakly interacting with the inorganic matrix, together with Glycine specifically interacting with adsorption sites can be envisaged, as pointed out by FT IR and thermogravimetric data. In detail, FT-IR data evidenced changes in shape and position of bands associated to stretching modes of the carboxylic groups in Glycine structure, which can be explained by the coordination of these functional groups with the Ca ions in the matrix. Heating this composite at controlled temperature results in the detection of a condensation products, either cyclic condensation product, either dipeptide. Diffuse and not specific H-bonding seems to be the main form of interaction of Proline and Lysine with brushite. Due to the coordination with Ca ions here described, Glycine can act as retardant during brushite preparation, allowing good workability of the resulting composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lagazzo
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering-DICCA, University of Genova, P.le J.F. Kennedy 1, I-16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barberis
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering-DICCA, University of Genova, P.le J.F. Kennedy 1, I-16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Carbone
- Dept. of Earth, Environment and Life Science-DISTAV, University of Genova, C.so Europa 26, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianguido Ramis
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering-DICCA, University of Genova, P.le J.F. Kennedy 1, I-16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Finocchio
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering-DICCA, University of Genova, P.le J.F. Kennedy 1, I-16129 Genova, Italy.
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Paul K, Lee BY, Abueva C, Kim B, Choi HJ, Bae SH, Lee BT. In vivoevaluation of injectable calcium phosphate cement composed of Zn- and Si-incorporated β-tricalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate for a critical sized defect of the rabbit femoral condyle. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:260-271. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallyanashis Paul
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; 366-1 Ssangyong Dong Cheonan 330-090 South Korea
| | - Byung Yeol Lee
- InoBone Co. Ltd.; InoBone Corporate R&D Center, 408 Entrepreneurship Soonchunhyang University; Asan-si South Korea
| | - Celine Abueva
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; 366-1 Ssangyong Dong Cheonan 330-090 South Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; 366-1 Ssangyong Dong Cheonan 330-090 South Korea
| | - Hwan Jun Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Bae
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University Hospital; Cheonan Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Taek Lee
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; 366-1 Ssangyong Dong Cheonan 330-090 South Korea
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University; 366-1 Ssangyong Dong Cheonan 330-090 South Korea
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Gopi D, Kanimozhi K, Kavitha L. Opuntia ficus indica peel derived pectin mediated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: synthesis, spectral characterization, biological and antimicrobial activities. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 141:135-143. [PMID: 25668694 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have adapted a facile and efficient green route for the synthesis of HAP nanoparticles using pectin as a template which was extracted from the peel of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruits. The concentration of pectin plays a major role in the behavior of crystallinity, purity, morphology as well as biological property of the as-synthesized HAP nanoparticles. The extracted pectin and the as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques. The in vitro apatite formation on the surface of the as-synthesized nanoparticles in simulated body fluid (SBF) for various days showed an enhanced bioactivity. Also, the antimicrobial activity was investigated using various microorganisms. All the results revealed the formation of pure, low crystalline and discrete granular like HAP nanoparticles of size around 25 nm with enhanced biological and antimicrobial activities. Hence the as-synthesized nanoparticles can act as a better bone regenerating material in the field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Kanimozhi
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L Kavitha
- Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 101, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Tas AC. The use of physiological solutions or media in calcium phosphate synthesis and processing. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1771-92. [PMID: 24389317 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review examined the literature to spot uses, if any, of physiological solutions/media for the in situ synthesis of calcium phosphates (CaP) under processing conditions (i.e. temperature, pH, concentration of inorganic ions present in media) mimicking those prevalent in the human hard tissue environments. There happens to be a variety of aqueous solutions or media developed for different purposes; sometimes they have been named as physiological saline, isotonic solution, cell culture solution, metastable CaP solution, supersaturated calcification solution, simulated body fluid or even dialysate solution (for dialysis patients). Most of the time such solutions were not used as the aqueous medium to perform the biomimetic synthesis of calcium phosphates, and their use was usually limited to the in vitro testing of synthetic biomaterials. This review illustrates that only a limited number of research studies used physiological solutions or media such as Earle's balanced salt solution, Bachra et al. solutions or Tris-buffered simulated body fluid solution containing 27mM HCO3(-) for synthesizing CaP, and these studies have consistently reported the formation of X-ray-amorphous CaP nanopowders instead of Ap-CaP or stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) at 37°C and pH 7.4. By relying on the published articles, this review highlights the significance of the use of aqueous solutions containing 0.8-1.5 mMMg(2+), 22-27mM HCO3(-), 142-145mM Na(+), 5-5.8mM K(+), 103-133mM Cl(-), 1.8-3.75mM Ca(2+), and 0.8-1.67mM HPO4(2-), which essentially mimic the composition and the overall ionic strength of the human extracellular fluid (ECF), in forming the nanospheres of X-ray-amorphous CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuneyt Tas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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19
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Figueroa IA, Novelo-Peralta O, Flores-Morales C, González-Tenorio R, Piña-Barba MC. Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible-nanohydroxyapatite crystals obtained by a modified sol-gel processing. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:71-6. [PMID: 23507804 PMCID: PMC3549859 DOI: 10.4161/biom.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A modified sol-gel process for synthesizing nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powders (nHA) for biomedical applications, using tetrahydrated calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2∙4H2O] and phosphorous pentoxide [P2O5] as precursor, is presented and discussed. The powders were washed and heat-treated at different temperatures and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The total process time reached with this modified process was less than 16 h. The results showed that there was an increment in size of the HA nanocrystals (nHA) when treated at different temperatures, ranging from 30 nm for the sample treated at 600°C to 500 nm for the sample heat-treated at 1200°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Figueroa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F., México
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Sadat-Shojai M, Khorasani MT, Dinpanah-Khoshdargi E, Jamshidi A. Synthesis methods for nanosized hydroxyapatite with diverse structures. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7591-621. [PMID: 23583646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the major mineral constituent of vertebrate bones and teeth. It has been well documented that HAp nanoparticles can significantly increase the biocompatibility and bioactivity of man-made biomaterials. Over the past decade, HAp nanoparticles have therefore increasingly been in demand, and extensive efforts have been devoted to develop many synthetic routes, involving both scientifically and economically new features. Several investigations have also been made to determine how critical properties of HAp can be effectively controlled by varying the processing parameters. With such a wide variety of methods for the preparation of HAp nanoparticles, choosing a specific procedure to synthesize a well-defined powder can be laborious; accordingly, in the present review, we have summarized all the available information on the preparation methodologies of HAp, and highlighted the inherent advantages and disadvantages involved in each method. This article is focused on nanosized HAp, although recent articles on microsized particles, especially those assembled from nanoparticles and/or nanocrystals, have also been reviewed for comparison. We have also provided several scientific figures and discussed a number of critical issues and challenges which require further research and development.
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21
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Tien WB, Chen MT, Yao PC. Effects of pH and temperature on microstructure and morphology of hydroxyapatite/collagen composites synthesized in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 32:2096-2102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kusrini E, Sontang M. Characterization of x-ray diffraction and electron spin resonance: Effects of sintering time and temperature on bovine hydroxyapatite. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Arvidson K, Abdallah BM, Applegate LA, Baldini N, Cenni E, Gomez-Barrena E, Granchi D, Kassem M, Konttinen YT, Mustafa K, Pioletti DP, Sillat T, Finne-Wistrand A. Bone regeneration and stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:718-46. [PMID: 21129153 PMCID: PMC3922662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing problems, biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering, mesenchymal and foetal stem cells, effects of sex steroids on mesenchymal stem cells, use of platelet-rich plasma for tissue repair, osteogenesis and its molecular markers. A variety of cells in addition to stem cells, as well as advances in materials science to meet specific requirements for bone and soft tissue regeneration by addition of bioactive molecules, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arvidson
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Resarch, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Formation of nano-hydroxyapatite crystal in situ in chitosan–pectin polyelectrolyte complex network. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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García JL, Asadinezhad A, Pacherník J, Lehocký M, Junkar I, Humpolíček P, Sáha P, Valášek P. Cell proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes on collagen films modified by argon plasma treatment. Molecules 2010; 15:2845-56. [PMID: 20428083 PMCID: PMC6257401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15042845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Argon plasma treatment was used to modify the surface of atelocollagen films using a plasmochemical reactor. To evaluate the effects of the treatment, the untreated and treated samples were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Cell growth was carried out by culturing human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and proliferation was measured via MTT assay. It was observed that argon plasma treatment significantly enhanced the extent of cell proliferation, which was ascribed to the favourable role of plasma treatment in inducing surface oxygen-containing entities together with increasing surface roughness. This can be considered as a potentially promising approach for tissue regeneration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López García
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T.G.M Sq. 275, 76272, Zlín, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.G.); (A.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Ahmad Asadinezhad
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T.G.M Sq. 275, 76272, Zlín, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.G.); (A.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Jiří Pacherník
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.P.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T.G.M Sq. 5555, 76001, Zlín, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +420608616048; Fax: +420576031444
| | - Ita Junkar
- Plasma Laboratory, Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail: (I.J.)
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T.G.M Sq. 5555, 76001, Zlín, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Petr Sáha
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T.G.M Sq. 275, 76272, Zlín, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.L.G.); (A.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Valášek
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T.G.M Sq. 5555, 76001, Zlín, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.V.)
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