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Nazim T, Kubiak A, Cegłowski M. Quantification of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in environmental samples using imprinted polyethyleneimine with enhanced selectivity as a selective adsorbent in ambient plasma mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133661. [PMID: 38341890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of various organic chemicals in the environment is critical to track their fate and control their levels. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely applied phenoxy herbicide with potential toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. In this study, we address the need for improved detection of 2,4-D by introducing a novel analytical method for its quantification. This method relies on the selective extraction of 2,4-D using MIPs and their subsequent direct analysis using ambient plasma mass spectrometry. During the synthesis, MIPs with various degrees of glycidol (GLY) functionalization were obtained. Experimental data showed that MIPs with no GLY functionalization displayed the highest adsorption capacity. Conversely, MIPs with 30% GLY functionalization exhibited the greatest selectivity for 2,4-D, rendering them valuable for extraction of 2,4-D even in the presence of other contaminants. Finally, the obtained MIPs were applied for quantification of 2,4-D in various water samples through direct analysis using a specially designed ambient plasma mass spectrometry setup. This approach improved the detection limits by 200-fold compared to pure solution analysis. The quantification of 2,4-D in river water samples yielded highly satisfactory recoveries, demonstrating the effective utility of the proposed analytical setup for real-life water sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Nazim
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kubiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Cegłowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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2
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Kuru Cİ, Ulucan-Karnak F, Akgol S. Metal-Chelated Polymeric Nanomaterials for the Removal of Penicillin G Contamination. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2832. [PMID: 37447478 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed selective and relatively low-cost metal-chelated nanoparticle systems for the removal of the penicillin G (Pen G) antibiotic, presented for the first time in the literature. In the nanosystem, poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanoparticles were synthesized by a surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method and covalently bound with a tridentate-chelating ligand, iminodiacetic acid, based on the immobilized metal chelate affinity technique. It was modified with Cu2+, a chelating metal, to make Pen G specific. Metal-chelated nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, zeta dimensional analysis, and scanning electron microscopy technology. Optimization studies of the Pen G removal were conducted. As a result of this study, Pen G removal with the p(GMA)-IDA-Cu2+ nanoparticle reached its maximum adsorption capacity of 633.92 mg/g in the short time of 15 min. The Pen G adsorption of p(GMA)-IDA-Cu2+ was three times more than that of the p(GMA) nanoparticles and two times more than that of the ampicillin adsorption. In addition, there was no significant decrease in the adsorption capacity of Pen G resulting from the repeated adsorption-desorption process of metal-chelated nanoparticles over five cycles. The metal-chelated nanoparticle had an 84.5% ability to regain its ability to regenerate the product with its regeneration capability, making the widespread use of the system very convenient in terms of reducing cost, an important factor in removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu İlke Kuru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fulden Ulucan-Karnak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
- Advanced Biomedical Technologies Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinan Akgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Kuru CI, Ulucan F, Kuşat K, Akgöl S. A model study by using polymeric molecular imprinting nanomaterials for removal of penicillin G. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:367. [PMID: 32415329 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to develop a molecularly imprinted polymeric systems with using penicillin G as a template molecule for removal of the antibiotic residues from environmental samples. Firstly, Pen-G-imprinted poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) [p(HEMA-MAAL)] nanopolymers were synthesized by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method. Then, template molecule (Pen-G) was extracted from nanopolymers. Synthesized nanopolymers were characterized by different methods such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental and zeta-size analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and surface area calculations. Nanopolymers have 60.38 nm average size and 1034.22 m2/g specific surface area. System parameters on Pen-G adsorption onto Pen-G imprint nanopolymers were investigated at different conditions. The specific adsorption value (Qmax) of molecularly impirinted p(HEMA-MAAL) nanopolymers was found 71.91 g/g for Pen-G in 5 mg/mL Pen-G initial concentration. Pen-G adsorption of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers was 15 times more than non-imprinted polymer. It is shown that obtained p(HEMA-MAAL) nanopolymer was a reuseable product which protected its adsorption capacity of 98.9% after 5th adsorption-desorption cycle. In conclusion, we suggest a method to develop a nanostructure, selective, low-cost molecularly imprinted polymeric systems with using penicillin G as a template molecule for removal of the antibiotic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ilke Kuru
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fulden Ulucan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kuşat
- Turkish Health of Ministry, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinan Akgöl
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey.
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4
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Kuhn J, Aylaz G, Sari E, Marco M, Yiu HHP, Duman M. Selective binding of antibiotics using magnetic molecular imprint polymer (MMIP) networks prepared from vinyl-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121709. [PMID: 31812475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects of pharmaceutical emerging contaminants (PECs), including antibiotics, in water supplies has been a global concern in recent years as they threaten fresh water security and lead to serious health problems to human, wildlife and the environment. However, detection of these contaminants in water sources, as well as food products, is difficult due to their low concentration. Here, we prepared a new family of magnetic molecular imprinted polymer (MMIP) networks for binding antibiotics via a microemulsion polymerization technique using vinyl silane modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The cross-linked polymer backbone successfully integrated with 20-30 nm magnetic nanoparticles and generated a novel porous polymeric network structure. These networks showed a high binding capacity for both templates, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin at 70 and 32 mg/g. Both MMIPs were also recyclable, retaining 75 % and 68 % of the binding capacity after 4 cycles. These MMIPs have showed a clear preference for binding the template molecules, with a binding capacity 4- to 7-fold higher than the other antibiotics in the same matrix. These results demonstrate our MMIP networks, which offered high binding capacity and selectivity as well as recyclability, can be used for both removal and monitoring hazardous antibiotic pollutants in different sources/samples and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kuhn
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Gülgün Aylaz
- Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Sari
- Vocational School of Health Services, Medical Laboratory Techniques, Yüksek İhtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mariano Marco
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Memed Duman
- Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Pupin RR, Foguel MV, Gonçalves LM, Sotomayor MDPT. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers obtained by photopolymerization for selective recognition of penicillin G. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rovatti Pupin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of ChemistryUNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista Araraquara SP Brazil
- UNESP, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM)Institute of Chemistry Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Foguel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of ChemistryUNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista Araraquara SP Brazil
- UNESP, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM)Institute of Chemistry Araraquara SP Brazil
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Central Florida Orlando Florida
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Maria del Pilar T. Sotomayor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of ChemistryUNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista Araraquara SP Brazil
- UNESP, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM)Institute of Chemistry Araraquara SP Brazil
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Van Royen G, Dubruel P, Van Weyenberg S, Daeseleire E. Evaluation and validation of the use of a molecularly imprinted polymer coupled to LC–MS for benzylpenicillin determination in meat samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Lirio S, Liu WL, Lin CL, Lin CH, Huang HY. Aluminum based metal-organic framework-polymer monolith in solid-phase microextraction of penicillins in river water and milk samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1428:236-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghorani B, Tucker N, Yoshikawa M. Approaches for the assembly of molecularly imprinted electrospun nanofibre membranes and consequent use in selected target recognition. Food Res Int 2015; 78:448-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Masoumi M, Jahanshahi M. Synthesis and Recognition of Nano Pore Molecularly Imprinted Polymers of Thymol on the Surface of Modified Silica Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Motahare Masoumi
- Nanotechnology Research Institute; School of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology; Babol Iran
| | - Mohsen Jahanshahi
- Nanotechnology Research Institute; School of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology; Babol Iran
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10
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Pourfarzib M, Dinarvand R, Akbari-adergani B, Mehramizi A, Rastegar H, Shekarchi M. Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for the selective extraction and purification of adefovir from human serum and urine. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1755-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Pourfarzib
- Water Safety Research Center, Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center; Food and Drug Control Laboratories, MOH ME; Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Rasoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Behrouz Akbari-adergani
- Water Safety Research Center, Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center; Food and Drug Control Laboratories, MOH ME; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Hossein Rastegar
- Water Safety Research Center, Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center; Food and Drug Control Laboratories, MOH ME; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Shekarchi
- Water Safety Research Center, Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center; Food and Drug Control Laboratories, MOH ME; Tehran Iran
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Pourfarzib M, Shekarchi M, Rastegar H, Akbari-Adergani B, Mehramizi A, Dinarvand R. Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles prepared by miniemulsion polymerization as a sorbent for selective extraction and purification of efavirenz from human serum and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 974:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Song R, Hu X, Guan P, Li J, Zhao N, Wang Q. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction of glutathione from urine samples. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 44:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Zhang Z, Chen X, Rao W, Chen H, Cai R. Synthesis and properties of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for magnetic extraction of bisphenol A from water. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:190-6. [PMID: 25043281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs@MMIPs) with specific selectivity toward bisphenol A were synthesized using bisphenol A as the template molecule, methacrylic acid, and β-cyclodextrin as binary functional monomers and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker. The MWNTs@MMIPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, vibrating sample magnetometer, and transmission electron microscopy. Batch mode adsorption experiment was carried out to investigate the specific adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of the MWNTs@MMIPs. The MWNTs@MMIPs exhibited good affinity with a maximum adsorption capacity of 49.26 μmol g(-1) and excellent selectivity toward bisphenol A. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the MWNTs@MMIPs were employed to extract bisphenol A in tap water, rain water, and lake water successfully with the recoveries of 89.8-95.4, 89.9-93.4, and 87.3-94.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Hunan 427000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Hunan 427000, PR China
| | - Wei Rao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Hunan 427000, PR China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Hunan 427000, PR China
| | - Rong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Hunan 427000, PR China
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Yakhkind MI, Tarantseva KR, Marynova MA, Storozhenko PA, Rasulov MM. Molecularly imprinted polymers: possible use for isolation of biosynthetic antibiotics. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Selective determination of penicillin G from tap water and milk samples using surface molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction sorbent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/molim-2014-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, a selective sample preparation method coupling surface molecularly imprinting polymers (SMIPs) with solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for the determination of penicillin G from tap water and milk samples. SMIPs for penicillin G were synthesized by using silica gel as supporting matrix, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the cross-linker, methanolacetonitrile (1:1,v/v) as the solvents and 2,2′-azo-bisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. Characterization and adsorption experiments revealed that SMIPs exhibited large adsorption capacity, high recognition ability and high rate of mass transfer. Application of SMIPs in SPE followed by HPLC was done to selectively determine penicillin G from tap water and milk samples. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method demonstrated high linearity with the concentration of penicillin G ranging from 0.12 to 200 μg mL
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Luliński P, Klejn D, Maciejewska D. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane imprinted polymers: synthesis, characterization and analytical procedure for template isolation from biological matrix. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Luliński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Klejn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Maciejewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1 02-097 Warsaw Poland
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Dima SO, Dobre T, Chetraru O, Nicolae CA, Spataru CI, Sarbu A. Molecularly imprinted poly(acrylonitrile-co
-acrylic acid) matrix with sclareol. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan-Ovidiu Dima
- Mass Transfer Department; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; University Politehnica of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
- Polymer Department; National Research and Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry Icechim; Bucharest Romania
| | - Tanase Dobre
- Mass Transfer Department; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; University Politehnica of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
| | - Olga Chetraru
- Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; Chisinau Republic of Moldova
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- Polymer Department; National Research and Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry Icechim; Bucharest Romania
| | - Catalin-Ilie Spataru
- Polymer Department; National Research and Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry Icechim; Bucharest Romania
| | - Andrei Sarbu
- Polymer Department; National Research and Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry Icechim; Bucharest Romania
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Attaran AM, Mohammadi N, Javanbakht M, Akbari-Adergani B. Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction for Selective Trace Analysis of Trifluoperazine. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:730-8. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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