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Fidalgo-Pereira R, Catarino SO, Carvalho Ó, Veiga N, Torres O, Braem A, Souza JCM. Light transmittance through resin-matrix composite onlays adhered to resin-matrix cements or flowable composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106353. [PMID: 38194785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the thickness of resin-matrix composite blocks manufactured by CAD-CAM on the light transmittance towards different resin-matrix cements or flowable composites. METHODS Sixty specimens of resin-matrix composite CAD-CAM blocks reinforced with 89 wt% inorganic fillers were cross-sectioned with 2 or 3 mm thicknesses. The specimens were conditioned with adhesive system and divided in groups according to the luting material, namely: two dual-cured resin-matrix cements, two traditional flowable resin-matrix composites, and one thermal-induced flowable resin-matrix composite. Specimens were light-cured at 900 mW/cm2 for 40s. Light transmittance assays were preformed using a spectrophotometer with an integrated monochromator before and after light-curing. Microstructural analysis was performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nanoindentation tests were performed to evaluate mechanical properties for indirect evaluation of degree of monomers conversion. RESULTS Optical and SEM images revealed low thickness values for the cementation interfaces for the traditional flowable resin-matrix composite. The cement thickness increased with the size and content of inorganic fillers. The highest light transmittance was recorded for the onlay blocks cemented with the traditional flowable resin-matrix composites while a group cemented with the dual-cured resin-matrix cement revealed the lowest light transmittance. The elastic modulus and hardness increased for specimens with high content of inorganic fillers as well as it increased in function of the light transmittance. CONCLUSIONS The light transmittance of flowable resin-matrix composites was higher than that for resin-matrix cement after cementation to resin-matrix composites blocks. The type, size, and content of inorganic fillers of the luting material affected the thickness of the cement layer and light transmittance through the materials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE On chair-side light curing, the transmission of visible light can be interfered by the chemical composition and viscosity of the luting materials. The increase in size and content of inorganic fillers of resin-matrix composites and luting materials can decrease the light transmittance leading to inefficient polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fidalgo-Pereira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Susana O Catarino
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nélio Veiga
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Orlanda Torres
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal; Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Marin E, Lanzutti A. Biomedical Applications of Titanium Alloys: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:114. [PMID: 38203968 PMCID: PMC10780041 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Titanium alloys have emerged as the most successful metallic material to ever be applied in the field of biomedical engineering. This comprehensive review covers the history of titanium in medicine, the properties of titanium and its alloys, the production technologies used to produce biomedical implants, and the most common uses for titanium and its alloys, ranging from orthopedic implants to dental prosthetics and cardiovascular devices. At the core of this success lies the combination of machinability, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. This unique combination of useful traits has positioned titanium alloys as an indispensable material for biomedical engineering applications, enabling safer, more durable, and more efficient treatments for patients affected by various kinds of pathologies. This review takes an in-depth journey into the inherent properties that define titanium alloys and which of them are advantageous for biomedical use. It explores their production techniques and the fabrication methodologies that are utilized to machine them into their final shape. The biomedical applications of titanium alloys are then categorized and described in detail, focusing on which specific advantages titanium alloys are present when compared to other materials. This review not only captures the current state of the art, but also explores the future possibilities and limitations of titanium alloys applied in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Alex Lanzutti
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Fabris D, Fredel MC, Souza JCM, Silva FS, Henriques B. Biomechanical behavior of functionally graded S53P4 bioglass-zirconia dental implants: Experimental and finite element analyses. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104565. [PMID: 34087536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of one-piece zirconia implants with a functionally graded bioglass (BG) layer as compared to monolithic zirconia and BG-coated implants, using the finite element method (FEM). METHODS Zirconia disks were infiltrated with bioglass S53P4 and then morphologically inspected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by mechanical analyses on micro-indentation tests for further biomechanical validation using the finite element method (FEM). On modeling, zirconia dental implants anchored into mandibular bone were simulated on occlusal loading as recorded under mastication. Three types of implants were simulated: i) free of BG coating, ii) with 100 μm or 150 μm thick conventional BG coatings; and iii) with graded BG coatings involving 3 different chemical composition distributions. The stress state at both implant and bone were evaluated using the FEM. The mechanically-induced bone remodelling was analyzed through the bone strain results. RESULTS Infiltration of BG into a zirconia structure resulted in a ∼100 μm thick layer with an exponential-like gradation of chemical composition and properties. Regarding the FEM calculations, the BG coating induced up to 30% decrease on stress in the implant body when compared to the monolithic zirconia implant. The gradient of chemical composition also improved the stresses' distribution. The stresses distribution towards the BG-coatings were significantly high and could lead to failure. Stresses on the bone were recorded down to its strength threshold, with insignificant influence of the coating layer. The bone strain values on all models indicates further bone remodelling although BG-coated and BG-graded zirconia implants showed the highest strain magnitude that may enhance the mechanical stimulation for bone maintenance. SIGNIFICANCE Graded BG-zirconia dental implants showed enhanced overall biomechanical behaviour as compared to the BG-coated or monolithic zirconia dental implants. Also, such biomechanical improvements noticed for the BG-graded system should be considered in combination with the well-known osseointegration benefits of bioactive glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Fabris
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Márcio C Fredel
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal; CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe S Silva
- CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal; School of Dentistry (DODT), Postgraduate Program in Dentistry (PPGO), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Souza JC, Correia MS, Oliveira MN, Silva FS, Henriques B, Novaes de Oliveira AP, Gomes JR. PEEK-matrix composites containing different content of natural silica fibers or particulate lithium‑zirconium silicate glass fillers: Coefficient of friction and wear volume measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotri.2020.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zandim-Barcelos DL, Carvalho GGD, Sapata VM, Villar CC, Hämmerle C, Romito GA. Implant-based factor as possible risk for peri-implantitis. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e067. [PMID: 31576951 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is currently a topic of major interest in implantology. Considered one of the main reasons of late implant failure, there is an emerged concern whether implant characteristics could trigger inflammatory lesion and loss of supporting bone. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an evidence based overview on the influence of implant-based factors in the occurrence of peri-implantitis. A literature review was conducted addressing the following topics: implant surface topography; implant location; occlusal overload; time in function; prosthesis-associated factors (rehabilitation extension, excess of cement and implant-abutment connection); and metal particle release. Although existing data suggests that some implant-based factors may increase the risk of peri-implantitis, the evidence is still limited to consider them a true risk factor for peri-implantitis. In conclusion, further evidences are required to a better understanding of the influence of implant-based factors in the occurrence of peri-implantitis. Large population-based studies including concomitant analyses of implant- and patient-based factors are required to provide strong evidence of a possible association with peri-implantitis in a higher probability. The identification of these factors is essential for the establishment of strategies to prevent peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Marques Sapata
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Dental School, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cunha Villar
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Dental School, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christoph Hämmerle
- University of Zurich, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Zurich, Switzerland
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Antanasova M, Kocjan A, Kovač J, Žužek B, Jevnikar P. Influence of thermo-mechanical cycling on porcelain bonding to cobalt–chromium and titanium dental alloys fabricated by casting, milling, and selective laser melting. J Prosthodont Res 2018; 62:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Comparison between PEEK and Ti6Al4V concerning micro-scale abrasion wear on dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 60:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lu Y, Zhao C, Ren L, Guo S, Gan Y, Yang C, Wu S, Lin J, Huang T, Yang K, Lin J. Preliminary assessment of metal-porcelain bonding strength of CoCrW alloy after 3wt.% Cu addition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:37-45. [PMID: 27040193 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel Cu-bearing CoCrW alloy fabricated by selective laser melting for dental application has been studied. For its successful application, the bonding strength of metal-porcelain is essential to be systematically investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metal-porcelain bonding strength of CoCrWCu alloy by three-point bending test, meanwhile the Ni-free CoCrW alloy was used as control. The oxygen content was investigated by an elemental analyzer; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the surface chemical composition of CoCrW based alloy after preoxidation treatment; the fracture mode was investigated by X-ray energy spectrum analysis (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result from the oxygen content analysis showed that the content of oxygen dramatically increased after the Cu addition. And the XPS suggested that Co-oxidation, Cr2O3, CrO2, WO3, Cu2O and CuO existed on the preoxidated surface of the CoCrWCu alloy; the three-point bending test showed that the bonding strength of the CoCrWCu alloy was 43.32 MPa, which was lower than that of the CoCrW group of 47.65 MPa. However, the average metal-porcelain bonding strength is significantly higher than the minimum value in the ISO 9693 standard. Results from the SEM images and EDS indicated that the fracture mode of CoCrWCu-porcelain was mixed between cohesive and adhesive. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be indicated that the Cu-bearing CoCrW alloy fabricated by the selective laser melting is a promising candidate for use in dental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaoqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Sai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Gan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jinxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, China.
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Kajima Y, Takaichi A, Yasue T, Doi H, Takahashi H, Hanawa T, Wakabayashi N. Evaluation of the shear bond strength of dental porcelain and the low magnetic susceptibility Zr-14Nb alloy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 53:131-141. [PMID: 26318573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bond strength of dental porcelain and the preheated Zr-14Nb alloy, and compare this strength with that of titanium. White oxide layers, which were predominantly composed of monoclinic zirconia, were formed on the preheated sample groups, and exhibited a greater roughness than the control samples. At the metal-ceramic interface, a greater Nb diffusion range was observed than in the control samples. The bond strengths of the samples subjected to 20min preheating treatment were the lowest (33.6 ± 3.2 MPa), which may be ascribed to the formation of a brittle thick oxide layer under excessive heat treatment. The samples subjected to this heat treatment for 5 min exhibited the highest mean bond strength (43.7 ± 5.9 MPa), which was significantly higher than that of titanium (35.3 ± 3.5 MPa). Thus, the Zr-14Nb alloy is a promising candidate for fixed dental prosthesis, as long as the appropriate treatment conditions are adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kajima
- Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takaichi
- Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Tohru Yasue
- Fixed Prosthetic Engineering, School of Oral Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- Metallic Biomaterials, Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Oral Biomaterials Engineering, Course of Oral Health Engineering, School of Oral Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takao Hanawa
- Metallic Biomaterials, Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Bae EJ, Kim HY, Kim WC, Kim JH. In vitro evaluation of the bond strength between various ceramics and cobalt-chromium alloy fabricated by selective laser sintering. J Adv Prosthodont 2015; 7:312-6. [PMID: 26330978 PMCID: PMC4551787 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2015.7.4.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to present the clinical applicability of restorations fabricated by a new method, by comparing the bond strength of between ceramic powder with different coefficient of thermal expansion and alloys fabricated by Selective laser sintering (SLS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty Co-Cr alloy specimens (25.0 × 3.0 × 0.5 mm) were prepared by SLS and fired with the ceramic (8.0 × 3.0 × 0.5 mm) (ISO 9693:1999). For comparison, ceramics with different coefficient of thermal expansion were used. The bond strength was measured by three-point bending testing and surfaces were observed with FE-SEM. Results were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS The mean values of Duceram Kiss (61.18 ± 6.86 MPa), Vita VM13 (60.30 ± 7.14 MPa), Ceramco 3 (58.87 ± 5.33 MPa), Noritake EX-3 (55.86 ± 7.53 MPa), and Vintage MP (55.15 ± 7.53 MPa) were found. No significant difference was observed between the bond strengths of the various metal-ceramics. The surfaces of the specimens possessed minute gaps between the additive manufactured layers. CONCLUSION All the five powders have bond strengths higher than the required 25 MPa minimum (ISO 9693); therefore, various powders can be applied to metal structures fabricated by SLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Bae
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Chul Kim
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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