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Jiang M, Chen M, Liu N. Interactions between Schwann cell and extracellular matrix in peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1372168. [PMID: 38651098 PMCID: PMC11034552 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1372168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, caused by various reasons, often lead to severe sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction or permanent disability, posing a challenging problem in regenerative medicine. Autologous nerve transplantation has been the gold standard in traditional treatments but faces numerous limitations and risk factors, such as donor area denervation, increased surgical complications, and diameter or nerve bundle mismatches. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex molecular network synthesized and released into the extracellular space by cells residing in tissues or organs. Its main components include collagen, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, etc., providing structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells, crucial for cell survival and growth. Schwann cells, as the primary glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, play various important roles. Schwann cell transplantation is considered the gold standard in cell therapy for peripheral nerve injuries, making ECM derived from Schwann cells one of the most suitable biomaterials for peripheral nerve repair. To better understand the mechanisms of Schwann cells and the ECM in peripheral nerve regeneration and their optimal application, this review provides an overview of their roles in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Muyang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nana Liu
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Wan T, Wang YL, Zhang FS, Zhang XM, Zhang YC, Jiang HR, Zhang M, Zhang PX. The Porous Structure of Peripheral Nerve Guidance Conduits: Features, Fabrication, and Implications for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14132. [PMID: 37762437 PMCID: PMC10531895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous structure is an important three-dimensional morphological feature of the peripheral nerve guidance conduit (NGC), which permits the infiltration of cells, nutrients, and molecular signals and the discharge of metabolic waste. Porous structures with precisely customized pore sizes, porosities, and connectivities are being used to construct fully permeable, semi-permeable, and asymmetric peripheral NGCs for the replacement of traditional nerve autografts in the treatment of long-segment peripheral nerve injury. In this review, the features of porous structures and the classification of NGCs based on these characteristics are discussed. Common methods for constructing 3D porous NGCs in current research are described, as well as the pore characteristics and the parameters used to tune the pores. The effects of the porous structure on the physical properties of NGCs, including biodegradation, mechanical performance, and permeability, were analyzed. Pore structure affects the biological behavior of Schwann cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells during peripheral nerve regeneration. The construction of ideal porous structures is a significant advancement in the regeneration of peripheral nerve tissue engineering materials. The purpose of this review is to generalize, summarize, and analyze methods for the preparation of porous NGCs and their biological functions in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration to guide the development of medical nerve repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feng-Shi Zhang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Zhang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yi-Chong Zhang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hao-Ran Jiang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Pei-Xun Zhang
- Department of OrthopedSics and Trauma, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Centre for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
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Solomevich SO, Oranges CM, Kalbermatten DF, Schwendeman A, Madduri S. Natural polysaccharides and their derivatives as potential medical materials and drug delivery systems for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120934. [PMID: 37230605 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve repair following injury is one of the most serious problems in neurosurgery. Clinical outcomes are often unsatisfactory and associated with a huge socioeconomic burden. Several studies have revealed the great potential of biodegradable polysaccharides for improving nerve regeneration. We review here the promising therapeutic strategies involving different types of polysaccharides and their bio-active composites for promoting nerve regeneration. Within this context, polysaccharide materials widely used for nerve repair in different forms are highlighted, including nerve guidance conduits, hydrogels, nanofibers and films. While nerve guidance conduits and hydrogels were used as main structural scaffolds, the other forms including nanofibers and films were generally used as additional supporting materials. We also discuss the issues of ease of therapeutic implementation, drug release properties and therapeutic outcomes, together with potential future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Solomevich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Carlo M Oranges
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Kalbermatten
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
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Huang TY, Wang GS, Ko CS, Chen XW, Su WT. A study of the differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth on 3D silk fibroin scaffolds using static and dynamic culture paradigms. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 109:110563. [PMID: 32228984 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are considered the best current source of human stem cells due to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Dynamic co-culture systems can improve the culture environment, as they provide cells with signaling factors, extracellular matrixes, and cellular shear force, as well as enable the formation of heterotypic clusters. We seeded SHED in 3D silk fibroin porous scaffolds under static and dynamic cultures for 28 days, using the NIH3T3 cultivated medium as an induction agent. Many hepatospheres formed in these porous scaffolds, and cellular viability was shown to continually increase by MTT assays. Hepatic AFP and ALB gene expression, as well as glycogen storage, albumin secretion, and urea synthesis, were greater in cells in the 3D porous scaffold under a dynamic culture than in those cultured under 3D static culture and petri dish conditions. However, the 3D static culture is still superior to the traditional petri dish culture. The NIH3T3 cultivated medium can significantly induce hepatic differentiation of SHED, while the 3D dynamic culture system significantly enhances hepatic differentiation of SHED. This study provides alternative sources of hepatocytes for liver disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yang Huang
- Orthopedics Department, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shou Wang
- Orthopedics Department, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Future Research Directions in the Design of Versatile Extracellular Matrix in Tissue Engineering. Int Neurourol J 2018; 22:S66-75. [PMID: 30068068 PMCID: PMC6077942 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1836154.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and artificial extracellular matrices (ECMs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields as one of the most effective components in tissue regeneration. In particular, ECM-based drugs are expected to be applied to treat diseases in organs relevant to urology, because tissue regeneration is particularly important for preventing the recurrence of these diseases. Native ECMs provide a complex in vivo architecture and native physical and mechanical properties that support high biocompatibility. However, the applications of native ECMs are limited due to their tissue-specificity and chemical complexity. Artificial ECMs have been fabricated in an attempt to create a broadly applicable scaffold by using controllable components and a uniform formulation. On the other hands, artificial ECMs fail to mimic the properties of a native ECM; consequently, their applications in tissues are also limited. For that reason, the design of a versatile, hybrid ECM that can be universally applied to various tissues is an emerging area of interest in the biomedical field.
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Paşcalău V, Dindelegan G, Dirzu N, Salantiu AM, Pavel C, Dudescu MC, Popa F, Borodi G, Tabaran F, Iuga CA, Popa C. Bioactive Ti-base biomaterial with sustained anti-bacterial response for endosseous applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aregueta-Robles UA, Martens PJ, Poole-Warren LA, Green RA. Tailoring 3D hydrogel systems for neuronal encapsulation in living electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Penny J. Martens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Laura A. Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Rylie A. Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Bioengineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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López-Cebral R, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Silva TH, Oliveira JM. Peripheral Nerve Injury: Current Challenges, Conventional Treatment Approaches, and New Trends in Biomaterials-Based Regenerative Strategies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3098-3122. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. López-Cebral
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. Silva-Correia
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R. L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - T. H. Silva
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Xiao B, Rao F, Guo ZY, Sun X, Wang YG, Liu SY, Wang AY, Guo QY, Meng HY, Zhao Q, Peng J, Wang Y, Lu SB. Extracellular matrix from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1172-9. [PMID: 27630705 PMCID: PMC4994464 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.187061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix, which includes collagens, laminin, or fibronectin, plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Recently, a Schwann cell-derived extracellular matrix with classical biomaterial was used to mimic the neural niche. However, extensive clinical use of Schwann cells remains limited because of the limited origin, loss of an autologous nerve, and extended in vitro culture times. In the present study, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs), which are easily accessible and more proliferative than Schwann cells, were used to prepare an extracellular matrix. We identified the morphology and function of hUCMSCs and investigated their effect on peripheral nerve regeneration. Compared with a non-coated dish tissue culture, the hUCMSC-derived extracellular matrix enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, upregulated gene and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor in Schwann cells, and enhanced neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion neurons. These findings suggest that the hUCMSC-derived extracellular matrix promotes peripheral nerve repair and can be used as a basis for the rational design of engineered neural niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China; The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Guo Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yun Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Quan-Yi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Ye Meng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Bi Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Zhu Y, Li J, Guo Q, Peng J, Liu S, Yang J, Wang Y. Cell-Derived Extracellular Matrix: Basic Characteristics and Current Applications in Orthopedic Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:193-207. [PMID: 26671674 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Zhang
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shichen Liu
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Su WT, Pan YJ. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth differentiate toward neural cells in a medium dynamically cultured with Schwann cells in a series of polydimethylsiloxanes scaffolds. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:046005. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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