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Usman M, Baig Y, Nardiello D, Quinto M. How new nanotechnologies are changing the opioid analysis scenery? A comparison with classical analytical methods. Forensic Sci Res 2024; 9:owae001. [PMID: 38560581 PMCID: PMC10981550 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, raw opium, and morphine have become a serious threat to the world population in the recent past, due to their increasing use and abuse. The detection of these drugs in biological samples is usually carried out by spectroscopic and/or chromatographic techniques, but the need for quick, sensitive, selective, and low-cost new analytical tools has pushed the development of new methods based on selective nanosensors, able to meet these requirements. Modern sensors, which utilize "next-generation" technologies like nanotechnology, have revolutionized drug detection methods, due to easiness of use, their low cost, and their high sensitivity and reliability, allowing the detection of opioids at trace levels in raw, pharmaceutical, and biological samples (e.g. blood, urine, saliva, and other biological fluids). The peculiar characteristics of these sensors not only have allowed on-site analyses (in the field, at the crime scene, etc.) but also they are nowadays replacing the gold standard analytical methods in the laboratory, even if a proper method validation is still required. This paper reviews advances in the field of nanotechnology and nanosensors for the detection of commonly abused opioids both prescribed (i.e. codeine and morphine) and illegal narcotics (i.e. heroin and fentanyl analogues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Narcotic Unit, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Home Department, Government of The Punjab, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Yawar Baig
- Narcotic Unit, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Home Department, Government of The Punjab, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
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2
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Targeted modification of the carbon paste electrode by natural zeolite and graphene oxide for the enhanced analysis of paracetamol. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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3
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An S, Shang N, Zhang J, Nsabimana A, Su M, Zhang S, Zhang Y. Fabrication of electrocatalytically active, cobalt-embedded nitrogen-doped ordered macroporous carbon for sensitive detection of nitrobenzene. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Li Z, Shen F, Mishra RK, Wang Z, Zhao X, Zhu Z. Advances of Drugs Electroanalysis Based on Direct Electrochemical Redox on Electrodes: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:269-314. [PMID: 35575782 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2072679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feichen Shen
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rupesh K Mishra
- Identify Sensors Biologics at Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Zhao
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
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Chelliah R, Wei S, Daliri EBM, Rubab M, Elahi F, Yeon SJ, Jo KH, Yan P, Liu S, Oh DH. Development of Nanosensors Based Intelligent Packaging Systems: Food Quality and Medicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1515. [PMID: 34201071 PMCID: PMC8226856 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The issue of medication noncompliance has resulted in major risks to public safety and financial loss. The new omnipresent medicine enabled by the Internet of things offers fascinating new possibilities. Additionally, an in-home healthcare station (IHHS), it is necessary to meet the rapidly increasing need for routine nursing and on-site diagnosis and prognosis. This article proposes a universal and preventive strategy to drug management based on intelligent and interactive packaging (I2Pack) and IMedBox. The controlled delamination material (CDM) seals and regulates wireless technologies in novel medicine packaging. As such, wearable biomedical sensors may capture a variety of crucial parameters via wireless communication. On-site treatment and prediction of these critical factors are made possible by high-performance architecture. The user interface is also highlighted to make surgery easier for the elderly, disabled, and patients. Land testing incorporates and validates an approach for prototyping I2Pack and iMedBox. Additionally, sustainability, increased product safety, and quality standards are crucial throughout the life sciences. To achieve these standards, intelligent packaging is also used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. These technologies will continuously monitor the quality of a product and communicate with the user. Data carriers, indications, and sensors are the three most important groups. They are not widely used at the moment, although their potential is well understood. Intelligent packaging should be used in these sectors and the functionality of the systems and the values presented in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
| | - Shuai Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
| | - Momna Rubab
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
| | - Su-Jung Yeon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
| | - Kyoung hee Jo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
| | - Pianpian Yan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
| | - Shucheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.B.-M.D.); (F.E.); (S.-J.Y.); (K.h.J.); (P.Y.)
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Pratiwi R, Noviana E, Fauziati R, Carrão DB, Gandhi FA, Majid MA, Saputri FA. A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:800. [PMID: 33557168 PMCID: PMC7913935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimadani Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Rizky Fauziati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - Firas Adinda Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Mutiara Aini Majid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Febrina Amelia Saputri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
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A novel nanostructured poly(thionine)-deep eutectic solvent/CuO nanoparticle film-modified disposable pencil graphite electrode for determination of acetaminophen in the presence of ascorbic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1149-1157. [PMID: 33410977 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new electrochemical sensor based on thionine (TH), an electroactive polymer, and CuO nanoparticle (CuONP)-modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) has been developed. Poly(thionine) (PTH) was formed on the CuO/PGE surface by electropolymerisation in ethaline deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing acetic acid dopant to form PTHEthaline/CuO/PGE. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry were utilized to evaluate the fabrication process, electrochemical properties, and performance parameters of the modified electrodes. The analytical performance of the PTHEthaline/CuO/PGE was evaluated with respect to linear range, limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility for the detection of acetaminophen (APAP) by electrooxidation in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). Analytical parameters such as pH were optimized. The combined use of PTH and CuONP led to enhanced performance towards APAP due to the large electroactive surface area and synergistic catalytic effect, with a wide linear working range and low detection limit. The reliability of the proposed sensor for the detection of APAP was successfully tested in pharmaceutical samples containing APAP and AA, with very good recoveries. Graphical abstract.
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Ahmadi M, Ghoorchian A, Dashtian K, Kamalabadi M, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Application of magnetic nanomaterials in electroanalytical methods: A review. Talanta 2020; 225:121974. [PMID: 33592722 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained high attention in different fields of studies due to their ferromagnetic/superparamagnetic properties and their low toxicity and high biocompatibility. MNMs contain magnetic elements such as iron and nickel in metallic, bimetallic, metal oxide, and mixed metal oxide. In electroanalytical methods, MNMs have been applied as sorbents for sample preparation before the electrochemical detection (sorbent role), as the electrode modifier (catalytic role), and the integration of the above two roles (as both sorbent and catalytic agent). In this paper, the application of MNMs in electroanalytical methods have been classified based on the main role of the nanomaterial and discussed separately. Furthermore, catalytic activities of MNMs in electroanalytical methods such as redox electrocatalytic, nanozymes catalytic (peroxidase, catalase activity, oxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity), catalyst gate, and nanocontainer have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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10
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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11
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Electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen using a practical carbon paste electrode modified with a graphene oxide-Y2O3 nanocomposite. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Montaseri H, Forbes PB. Analytical techniques for the determination of acetaminophen: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Mohammadi SZ, Beitollahi H, Dehghan Z, Hosseinzadeh R. Electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid and folic acid using carbon paste electrode modified with novel synthesized ferrocene derivative and core-shell magnetic nanoparticles in aqueous media. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences; Graduate University of Advanced Technology; Kerman Iran
| | - Zohreh Dehghan
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; Tehran Iran
| | - Rahman Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Mazandaran; Babolsar Iran
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Kumar V, Kumar P, Pournara A, Vellingiri K, Kim KH. Nanomaterials for the sensing of narcotics: Challenges and opportunities. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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A. Mohamed M, Saad AS, Koshek SH, El-Ghobashy MR. Smart electrochemical sensing platform for the simultaneous determination of psychotic disorder drugs isopropamide iodide and trifluoperazine hydrochloride. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01600c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of carboxylation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research
- Giza
- Egypt
- Institute of Electronics
| | - Ahmed S. Saad
- Cairo University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Sara H. Koshek
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research
- Giza
- Egypt
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Puangjan A, Chaiyasith S, Taweeporngitgul W, Keawtep J. Application of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes supporting cuprous oxide and silver oxide composite catalyst on copper substrate for simultaneous detection of vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and ascorbic acid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:383-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Carbon paste electrode modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and BMI.PF6 ionic liquid for determination of estrone by square-wave voltammetry. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Nagles E, Calderón JA, García-Beltrán O. Development of an Electrochemical Sensor to Detect Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Based on Neodymium (III) Oxide and Chitosan. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Nagles
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas; Universidad de Ibagué; Carrera 22 Calle 67 Ibagué 730001 Colombia
| | - Jorge A. Calderón
- Centro de Investigación; Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales - CIDEMAT; Universidad de Antioquia - UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21 Medellín Colombia
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas; Universidad de Ibagué; Carrera 22 Calle 67 Ibagué 730001 Colombia
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Khan SB, Ahmed MS, Asiri AM. Amperometric sensor for ascorbic acid using a gold electrode modified with ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive sensor based on ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres has been developed for the detection of ascorbic acid. The developed sensor is very simple and has been fabricated using low cost materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Bahadar Khan
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sameer Ahmed
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
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