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Ozkendir O, Karaca I, Cullu S, Erdoğan OC, Yaşar HN, Dikici S, Owen R, Aldemir Dikici B. Engineering periodontal tissue interfaces using multiphasic scaffolds and membranes for guided bone and tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 157:213732. [PMID: 38134730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are one of the greatest healthcare burdens worldwide. The periodontal tissue compartment is an anatomical tissue interface formed from the periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, and bone. This multifaceted composition makes tissue engineering strategies challenging to develop due to the interface of hard and soft tissues requiring multiphase scaffolds to recreate the native tissue architecture. Multilayer constructs can better mimic tissue interfaces due to the individually tuneable layers. They have different characteristics in each layer, with modulation of mechanical properties, material type, porosity, pore size, morphology, degradation properties, and drug-releasing profile all possible. The greatest challenge of multilayer constructs is to mechanically integrate consecutive layers to avoid delamination, especially when using multiple manufacturing processes. Here, we review the development of multilayer scaffolds that aim to recapitulate native periodontal tissue interfaces in terms of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Important properties of multiphasic biodegradable scaffolds are highlighted and summarised, with design requirements, biomaterials, and fabrication methods, as well as post-treatment and drug/growth factor incorporation discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgu Ozkendir
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Ilayda Karaca
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Selin Cullu
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Oğul Can Erdoğan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Hüsniye Nur Yaşar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Serkan Dikici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Robert Owen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Betül Aldemir Dikici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35433, Turkey.
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Doğan D, Karaduman FR, Horzum N, Metin AÜ. Boron nitride decorated poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) composite nanofibers: A promising material for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105773. [PMID: 36934687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) nanofibers loaded with boron nitride nanoparticles (mBN) were fabricated by using electrospinning and crosslinked by heat treatment. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, hydrophilic behavior, and degradability of composite nanofibers were evaluated. The mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, elongation percentage at the break, and mechanical strength of PVA/PAA nanofibers improved with mBN loading. The thermal conductivity of composite nanofibers reached 0.12 W/m·K at mBN content of 1.0 wt% due to the continuous heat conduction pathways of mBN. In the meantime, while there was no cytotoxicity recorded for both L929 and HUVEC cell lines for all composite nanofibers, the antimicrobial efficiency improved with the incorporation of mBN compared with PVA/PAA and recorded as 68.8% and 75.1% for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. On this basis, the present work proposes a promising biomaterial for biomedical applications such as dual drug delivery, particularly including both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs or wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Doğan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan, 71450, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - F Rabia Karaduman
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, 35620, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Horzum
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Ülkü Metin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan, 71450, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
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Godinho B, Gama N, Ferreira A. Different methods of synthesizing poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1033827. [PMID: 36532580 PMCID: PMC9748623 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1033827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable elastomer that has attracted increasing attention as a potential material for applications in biological tissue engineering. The conventional method of synthesis, first described in 2002, is based on the polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid, but it is a time-consuming and energy-intensive process. In recent years, new approaches for producing PGS, PGS blends, and PGS copolymers have been reported to not only reduce the time and energy required to obtain the final material but also to adjust the properties and processability of the PGS-based materials based on the desired applications. This review compiles more than 20 years of PGS synthesis reports, reported inconsistencies, and proposed alternatives to more rapidly produce PGS polymer structures or PGS derivatives with tailor-made properties. Synthesis conditions such as temperature, reaction time, reagent ratio, atmosphere, catalysts, microwave-assisted synthesis, and PGS modifications (urethane and acrylate groups, blends, and copolymers) were revisited to present and discuss the diverse alternatives to produce and adapt PGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Godinho
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- ESTGA-Águeda School of Technology and Management, Águeda, Portugal
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Tevlek A, Topuz B, Akbay E, Aydin HM. Surface channel patterned and endothelialized poly(glycerol sebacate) based elastomers. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:287-302. [DOI: 10.1177/08853282221085798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevascularization of tissue equivalents is critical for fulfilling the need for sufficient vascular organization for nutrient and gas transport. Hence, endothelial cell culture on biomaterials is of great importance for researchers. Numerous alternate strategies have been suggested in this sense, with cell-based methods being the most commonly employed. In this study, poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) elastomers with varying crosslinking ratios were synthesized and their surfaces were patterned with channels by using laser ablation technique. In order to determine an ideal material for cell culture studies, the elastomers were subsequently mechanically, chemically, and biologically characterized. Following that, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded into the channels established on the PGS membranes and cultured under various culture conditions to establish the optimal culture parameters. Lastly, the endothelial cell responses to the synthesized PGS elastomers were evaluated. Remarkable cell proliferation and impressive cellular organizations were noticed on the constructs created as part of the investigation. On the concrete output of this research, arrangements in various geometries can be created by laser ablation method and the effects of various molecules, drugs or agents on endothelial cells can be evaluated. The platforms produced can be employed as an intermediate biomaterial layer containing endothelial cells for vascularization of tissue-engineered structures, particularly in layer-by-layer tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- Institute of Science, Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bengisu Topuz
- Institute of Science, Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Akbay
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Aydin
- Institute of Science, Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Centre for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey§Current Affiliation: METU MEMS Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Bee SL, Hamid ZAA. Asymmetric resorbable-based dental barrier membrane for periodontal guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration: A review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2157-2182. [PMID: 35322931 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are two common dental regenerative treatments targeted at reconstructing damaged periodontal tissue and bone caused by periodontitis. During GTR/GBR treatment, a barrier membrane is placed in the interface between the soft tissue and the periodontal defect to inhibit soft tissue ingrowth and creating a space for the infiltration of slow-growing bone cells into the defect site. Recently, asymmetric resorbable-based barrier membrane has received a considerable attention as a new generation of GTR/GBR membrane. Despite numerous literatures about asymmetric-based membrane that had been published, there is lacks comprehensive review on asymmetric barrier membrane that particularly highlight the importance of membrane structure for periodontal regeneration. In this review, we systematically cover the latest development and advancement of various kinds of asymmetric barrier membranes used in periodontal GTR/GBR application. Herein, the ideal requirements for constructing a barrier membrane as well as the rationale behind the asymmetric design, are firstly presented. Various innovative methods used in fabricating asymmetric barrier membrane are being further discussed. Subsequently, the application and evaluation of various types of asymmetric barrier membrane used for GTR/GBR are compiled and extensively reviewed based on the recent literatures reported. Based on the existing gap in this field, the future research directions of asymmetric resorbable-based barrier membrane such as its combination potential with bone grafts, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ling Bee
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Ning Z, Lang K, Xia K, Linhardt RJ, Gross RA. Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(glycerol sebacate). Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:398-408. [PMID: 34936341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (N435) catalysis in bulk leads to higher molecular weight poly(glycerol sebacate), PGS, than self-catalyzed condensation polymerization. Since the glass-transition temperature, fragility, modulus, and strength for rubbery networks are inversely dependent on the concentration of chain ends, higher molecular weight PGS prepolymers will enable the preparation of cross-linked PGS matrices with unique mechanical properties. The evolution of molecular species during the prepolymerization step conducted at 120 °C for 24 h, prior to enzyme addition, revealed regular decreases in sebacic acid and glycerol-sebacate dimer with corresponding increases in oligomers with chain lengths from 3 to 7 units such that a homogeneous liquid substrate has resulted. At 67 h, for N435-catalyzed PGS synthesis, the carboxylic acid conversion reached 82% without formation of a gel fraction, and number-average molecular weight (Mn) and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) values reached 6000 and 59 400 g/mol, respectively. In contrast, self-catalyzed PGS condensation polymerizations required termination at 55 h to avoid gelation, reached 72% conversion, and Mn and Mw values of 2600 and 13 800 g/mol, respectively. We also report the extent that solvent fractionation can enrich PGS in higher molecular weight chains. The use of methanol as a nonsolvent increased Mn and Mw by 131.7 and 18.3%, respectively, and narrower dispersity (Đ) decreased by 47.7% relative to the nonfractionated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyuan Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Kening Lang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Richard A Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Kim J, Lyu HZ, Jung C, Lee KM, Han SH, Lee JH, Cha M. Osteogenic Response of MC3T3-E1 and Raw264.7 in the 3D-Encapsulated Co-Culture Environment. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:387-397. [PMID: 33415675 PMCID: PMC8169729 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures recapitulate the physiological microenvironment and exhibit high concordance with in vivo conditions. Improving co-culture models with different kind of cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold can closely mimic the in vivo environment. In this study, we examined the osteogenic response of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and Raw264.7 mouse monocytes in a 3D-encapsulated co-culture environment composed of the Cellrix® 3D culture system, which provides a physiologically relevant environment. METHODS The Cellrix® 3D Bio-Gel scaffolds were used to individually culture or co-culture two type cells in 3D microenvironment. Under 3D culture conditions, osteoblastic behavior was evaluated with an ALP assay and staining. ACP assay and TRAP staining were used as osteoclastic behavior indicator. RESULTS Treatment with osteoblastic induction factors (+3F) and RANKL had on positively effect on alkaline phosphatase activity but significantly inhibited to acid phosphatase activity during osteoclastic differentiation in 3D co-culture. Interestingly, alkaline phosphatase activity or acid phosphatase activity in 3D co-culture was stimulated with opposite differentiation factors at an early stage of differentiation. We guess that these effects may be related to RANK-RANKL signaling, which is important in osteoblast regulation of osteoclasts. CONCLUSION In this study, the osteogenic response of 3D encapsulated pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and mouse monocyte Raw264.7 cells was successfully demonstrated. Our 3D culture conditions will be able to provide a foundation for developing a high-throughput in vitro bone model to study the effects of various drugs and other agents on molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungju Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea
| | - Hao-Zhen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Chisung Jung
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mee Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Shi Huan Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Boramae-ro 5-gil 20, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Misun Cha
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea.
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Vogt L, Ruther F, Salehi S, Boccaccini AR. Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) in Biomedical Applications-A Review of the Recent Literature. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002026. [PMID: 33733604 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) continues to attract attention for biomedical applications owing to its favorable combination of properties. Conventionally polymerized by a two-step polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid, variations of synthesis parameters, reactant concentrations or by specific chemical modifications, PGS materials can be obtained exhibiting a wide range of physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties for a variety of applications. PGS has been extensively used in tissue engineering (TE) of cardiovascular, nerve, cartilage, bone and corneal tissues. Applications of PGS based materials in drug delivery systems and wound healing are also well documented. Research and development in the field of PGS continue to progress, involving mainly the synthesis of modified structures using copolymers, hybrid, and composite materials. Moreover, the production of self-healing and electroactive materials has been introduced recently. After almost 20 years of research on PGS, previous publications have outlined its synthesis, modification, properties, and biomedical applications, however, a review paper covering the most recent developments in the field is lacking. The present review thus covers comprehensively literature of the last five years on PGS-based biomaterials and devices focusing on advanced modifications of PGS for applications in medicine and highlighting notable advances of PGS based systems in TE and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Vogt
- Institute of Biomaterials University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Florian Ruther
- Institute of Biomaterials University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Chair of Biomaterials University of Bayreuth Bayreuth 95447 Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
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Xiong Y, Duan H, Zhang B, Ren C, Yu Z, Yan Y. Experimental study on repair of large segmental bone defects of goat femur by nano calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite-multi (amino acid) copolymer membrane tubes. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:492-502. [PMID: 33673763 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to observe feasibility of nano calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite-multi (amino acid) copolymer (n-CDHA-MAC) membrane tubes in repairing goat femurs' large defects. METHODS Twelve goats were divided into two groups, whose femurs were created 30 mm segmental bone defects and then implants were performed. In experimental group, the bone defect of right femur was reconstructed by n-CDHA-MAC membrane tube, while left side was reconstructed by allogenic bone tube in control group. Every three goats were sacrificed at 4, 8, 16, 24 weeks after operation respectively. General observation, X-ray analysis, histology, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination and protein level comparison of BMP-2 were conducted to evaluate the effects of repairing segmental bone defects. RESULTS All goats recovered well from anesthesia and surgical interventions. The radiographic evaluations showed that periosteal reaction outside of the membrane tubes and allogenic bone tubes were observed 4 weeks after surgery. At 16 weeks, callus was continuously increased in experimental group, which was more obvious than control group. At 24 weeks, callus outside of the membrane tubes connected together. Histologic evaluation showed fibro-cartilage callus was evolved into bony callus in experimental group, which was more obvious than control group at 8 and 16 weeks. The protein expression level of BMP-2 increased at 4, 8 weeks and peaked at 16 weeks in experimental groups. There were statistical differences at 8 and 16 weeks (P < 0.05). At each time point in 8, 16, 24 weeks after surgery, the bending stiffness, torsional stiffness and compressive strength of the two groups were similar, and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This novel surface degradation n-CDHA-MAC membrane tube has good ability to maintain enough membrane space, which can provide long-term and stable biomechanical support for large bone defects and integrate well with the surrounding bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeping Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Martín-Cabezuelo R, Vilariño-Feltrer G, Vallés-Lluch A. Influence of pre-polymerisation atmosphere on the properties of pre- and poly(glycerol sebacate). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111429. [PMID: 33321580 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a versatile biodegradable biomaterial on account of its adjustable mechanical properties as an elastomeric polyester. Nevertheless, it has shown dissimilar results when synthesised by different research groups under equivalent synthesis conditions. This lack of reproducibility proves how crucial it is to understand the effect of the parameters involved on its manufacturing and characterize the polymer networks obtained. Several studies have been conducted in recent years to understand the role of temperature, time, and the molar ratio of its monomers, while the influence of the atmosphere applied during its pre-polymerisation remained unknown. The results obtained here allow for a better understanding about the effect of inert (Ar and N2) and oxidative (oxygen, dry air, and humid air) atmospheres on the extent of the reaction. The molecular pattern of intermediate pre-polymers and the gelation time and morphology of their corresponding cured PGS networks were studied as well. Overall, inert atmospheres promote a rather linear growth of macromers, with scarce branches, resulting in loose elastomers with long chains mainly crosslinked. Conversely, oxygen in the latter atmospheres promotes branching through secondary hydroxyl groups, leading to less-crosslinked 'defective' networks. In this way, the pre-polymerisation atmosphere could be used advantageously to adjust the reactivity of secondary hydroxyls, in order to modulate branching in the elastomeric PGS networks obtained to suit the properties required in a particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Cabezuelo
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | | | - Ana Vallés-Lluch
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.
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Lowen JM, Leach JK. Functionally graded biomaterials for use as model systems and replacement tissues. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909089. [PMID: 33456431 PMCID: PMC7810245 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of native tissues requires complex materials to provide suitable substitutes for model systems and replacement tissues. Functionally graded materials have the potential to address this challenge by mimicking the gradients in heterogeneous tissues such as porosity, mineralization, and fiber alignment to influence strength, ductility, and cell signaling. Advancements in microfluidics, electrospinning, and 3D printing enable the creation of increasingly complex gradient materials that further our understanding of physiological gradients. The combination of these methods enables rapid prototyping of constructs with high spatial resolution. However, successful translation of these gradients requires both spatial and temporal presentation of cues to model the complexity of native tissues that few materials have demonstrated. This review highlights recent strategies to engineer functionally graded materials for the modeling and repair of heterogeneous tissues, together with a description of how cells interact with various gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Lowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
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dos Santos VI, Merlini C, Aragones Á, Cesca K, Fredel MC. Influence of calcium phosphates incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) electrospun membranes for guided bone regeneration. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of Conductive Carbon Aerogels Decorated with β-Tricalcium Phosphate Nanocrystallites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5758. [PMID: 32238872 PMCID: PMC7113289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been substantial interest in research aimed at conductive carbon-based supports since the discovery that the electrical stimulus can have dramatic effect on cell behavior. Among these carbon-aerogels decorated with biocompatible polymers were suggested as future materials for tissue engineering. However, high reaction temperatures required for the synthesis of the aerogels tend to impair the stability of the polymeric networks. Herein, we report a synthetic route towards carbon-aerogel scaffolds decorated with biocompatible ceramic nanoparticles of tricalcium phosphate. The composites can be prepared at temperature as high as 1100 °C without significant effect on the morphology of the composite which is comparable with the original aerogel framework. Although the conductivity of the composites tends to decrease with the increasing ceramic content the measured conductivity values are similar to those previously reported on polymer-functionalized carbon-aerogels. The cell culture study revealed that the developed constructs support cell proliferation and provide good cell attachment suggesting them as potentially good candidates for tissue-engineering applications.
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Tevlek A, Agacik DT, Aydin HM. Stretchable poly(glycerol‐sebacate)/β‐tricalcium phosphate composites with shape recovery feature by extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- Institute of Science, Bioengineering DivisionHacettepe University P.O. Box 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Dilara Turkel Agacik
- Institute of Science, Bioengineering DivisionHacettepe University P.O. Box 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Aydin
- Institute of Science, Bioengineering DivisionHacettepe University P.O. Box 06800 Ankara Turkey
- Centre for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University 06800 Ankara Turkey
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15
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Abstract
Human bones have unique structures and characteristics, and replacing a natural bone in the case of bone fracture or bone diseases is a very complicated problem. The main goal of this paper was to summarize the recent research on polymer materials as bone substitutes and for bone repair. Bone treatment methods, bone substitute materials as well as their advantages and drawbacks, and manufacturing methods were reviewed. Biopolymers are the most promising materials in the field of artificial bones and using biopolymers with the shape memory effect can improve the integration of an artificial bone into the human body by better mimicking the structure and properties of natural bones, decreasing the invasiveness of surgical procedures by producing deployable implants. It has been shown that the application of the rapid prototyping technology for artificial bones allows the customization of bone substitutes for a patient and the creation of artificial bones with a complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kashirina
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongtao Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
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16
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Cheng CH, Chen YW, Kai-Xing Lee A, Yao CH, Shie MY. Development of mussel-inspired 3D-printed poly (lactic acid) scaffold grafted with bone morphogenetic protein-2 for stimulating osteogenesis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:78. [PMID: 31222566 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a versatile technique widely applied in tissue engineering due to its ability to manufacture large quantities of scaffolds or constructs with various desired architectures. In this study, we demonstrated that poly (lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds fabricated via fused deposition not only retained the original interconnected microporous architectures, the scaffolds also exhibited lower lactic acid dissolution as compared to the freeze-PLA scaffold. The 3D-printed scaffolds were then grafted with human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) via the actions of polydopamine (PDA) coatings. The loading and release rate of BMP-2 were monitored for a period of 35 days. Cellular behaviors and osteogenic activities of co-cultured human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were assessed to determine for efficacies of scaffolds. In addition, we demonstrated that our fabricated scaffolds were homogenously coated with PDA and well grafted with BMP-2 (219.1 ± 20.4 ng) when treated with 250 ng/mL of BMP-2 and 741.4 ± 127.3 ng when treated with 1000 ng/mL of BMP-2. This grafting enables BMP-2 to be released in a sustained profile. From the osteogenic assay, it was shown that the ALP activity and osteocalcin of hMSCs cultured on BMP-2/PDA/PLA were significantly higher when compared with PLA and PDA/PLA scaffolds. The methodology of PDA coating employed in this study can be used as a simple model to immobilize multiple growth factors onto different 3D-printed scaffold substrates. Therefore, there is potential for generation of scaffolds with different unique modifications with different capabilities in regulating physiochemical and biological properties for future applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital-China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- 3D Printing Medical Research Institute, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alvin Kai-Xing Lee
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Biomaterials Translational Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-You Shie
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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17
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Iannucci LE, Boys AJ, McCorry MC, Estroff LA, Bonassar LJ. Cellular and Chemical Gradients to Engineer the Meniscus-to-Bone Insertion. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1800806. [PMID: 30536862 PMCID: PMC6458090 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered menisci hold promise as an alternative to allograft procedures but require a means of robust fixation to the native bone. The insertion of the meniscus into bone is critical for meniscal function and inclusion of a soft tissue-to-bone interface in a tissue engineered implant can aid in the fixation process. The native insertion is characterized by gradients in composition, tissue architecture, and cellular phenotype, which are all difficult to replicate. In this study, a soft tissue-to-bone interface is tissue engineered with a cellular gradient of fibrochondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells and subjected to a biochemical gradient through a custom media diffusion bioreactor. These constructs, consisting of interpenetrating collagen and boney regions, display improved mechanical performance and collagen organization compared to controls without a cellular or chemical gradient. Media gradient exposure produces morphological features in the constructs that appear similar to the native tissue. Collectively, these data show that cellular and biochemical gradients improve integration between collagen and bone in a tissue engineered soft tissue-to-bone construct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander J. Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Lara A. Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lawrence J. Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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18
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A review of emerging bone tissue engineering via PEG conjugated biodegradable amphiphilic copolymers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:1021-1035. [PMID: 30678893 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Defects in bones can be caused by a plethora of reasons, such as trauma or illness, and in many cases, it poses challenges to the current treatment approaches for bone repair. With increasing demand of bone bioengineering in tissue transplant, there is a need to source for sustainable solutions to induce bone regeneration. Polymeric biomaterials have been identified as a promising approach due to its excellent biocompatibility and controllable biodegradability. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most commonly investigated polymer for use in bio-related application due to its bioinertness and versatility. Furthermore, the hydrophilic nature enables it to be incorporated with hydrophobic but biodegradable polymers like, polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), to create an amphiphilic polymer. This article reviews the recent synthetic strategies available for the construction of PEG conjugated polymeric system, analysis of PEG influence on the material properties, and provides an overview of its application in bone engineering.
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19
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Yu S, Shi J, Liu Y, Si J, Yuan Y, Liu C. A mechanically robust and flexible PEGylated poly(glycerol sebacate)/β-TCP nanoparticle composite membrane for guided bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A PEGS/β-TCP composite membrane was fabricated by a simple prepolymer mixing-in situ crosslinking method for guided bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jiawen Si
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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20
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Chen H, Sun J, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Lou Z, Chen B, Wang P, Guo Z, Tang H, Ma J, Xia Y, Gu N, Zhang F. Magnetic Cell-Scaffold Interface Constructed by Superparamagnetic IONP Enhanced Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44279-44289. [PMID: 30499649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the key factors in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is to optimize the interaction between seed cells and scaffolds such that the cells can grow in naturally biomimetic conditions. Their similarity to macromolecules and many unique properties mean that functional nanoparticles have promising potential for the modification and improvement of traditional scaffolds to obtain excellent biocompatibility, tunable stiffness, physical sensing, and stimulus-response capabilities. In the present study, we report magnetic poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLGA/PCL) scaffolds that were fabricated using a combination of the electrospinning technique and layer-by-layer assembly of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). PLGA/PCL scaffolds assembled with gold nanoparticles were prepared using the same method for comparison. The results showed that the assembled film of nanoparticles on the surface greatly enhanced the hydrophilicity and increased the elastic modulus of the scaffold, which subsequently improved the osteogenesis of the stem cells. Furthermore, the magnetic property of the IONPs proved to be the key factor in enhancing osteogenic differentiation, which explained the superior osteogenic capacity of the magnetic scaffolds compared with that of the gold nanoparticle-assembled scaffold. These results demonstrated the importance of magnetic nanomaterials as a bioactive interface between cells and scaffolds and will promote the design of biomaterials to improve tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210029 , China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
| | - Zibin Wang
- Analysis and Test Center , Nanjing Medical University Nanjing , Jiangsu 211166 , China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Yixing People's Hospital , Yixing , Jiangsu 214200 , China
| | - Zhichao Lou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210037 , China
| | - Bo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
- Materials Science and Devices Institute , Suzhou University of Science and Technology , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215009 , China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery , Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , China
| | - Zhirui Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210011 , China
| | - Hui Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210029 , China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210029 , China
| | - Yang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210029 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
| | - Ning Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Feimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210029 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
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21
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Tevlek A, Odabas S, Çelik E, Aydin HM. Preparation of MC3T3-E1 cell sheets through short-term osteogenic medium application. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:1145-1153. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1481081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedat Odabas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekin Çelik
- Bioengineering Division and Advanced Technologies Application and Research Centre, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Aydin
- Environmental Engineering Department and Bioengineering Division and Centre for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Yao H, Kang J, Li W, Liu J, Xie R, Wang Y, Liu S, Wang DA, Ren L. Novel
β
-TCP/PVA bilayered hydrogels with considerable physical and bio-functional properties for osteochondral repair. Biomed Mater 2017; 13:015012. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Boys AJ, McCorry MC, Rodeo S, Bonassar LJ, Estroff LA. Next Generation Tissue Engineering of Orthopedic Soft Tissue-to-Bone Interfaces. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 7:289-308. [PMID: 29333332 PMCID: PMC5761353 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue-to-bone interfaces are complex structures that consist of gradients of extracellular matrix materials, cell phenotypes, and biochemical signals. These interfaces, called entheses for ligaments, tendons, and the meniscus, are crucial to joint function, transferring mechanical loads and stabilizing orthopedic joints. When injuries occur to connected soft tissue, the enthesis must be re-established to restore function, but due to structural complexity, repair has proven challenging. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution for regenerating these tissues. This prospective review discusses methodologies for tissue engineering the enthesis, outlined in three key design inputs: materials processing methods, cellular contributions, and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Scott Rodeo
- Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Orthopedic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Cornell University, New York, NY
- New York Giants, East Rutherford, NJ
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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