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Hussain M, Khan SM, Shafiq M, Abbas N, Sajjad U, Hamid K. Advances in biodegradable materials: Degradation mechanisms, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility for orthopedic applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32713. [PMID: 39027458 PMCID: PMC11254538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mg-based and Zn-based biodegradable materials have the potential to become the next-generation implant materials to treat bone diseases, because of their desired degradation and mechanical properties. This article reviews the status of these implant materials. The required properties of biodegradable materials such as biodegradability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility for performance evaluation were briefly discussed. The influence of fabrication techniques, microstructure, alloying elements, and post-processing techniques on the properties of Mg and Zn-based materials was addressed. The degradation mechanism by dissolution, oxidation, and interaction with human body cells was discussed. The biocompatibility of Mg and Zn-based biodegradable materials was analyzed. The significance of in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility testing was highlighted, emphasizing the superiority of in vivo results over cell line studies. This article identifies the many Mg and Zn-based biodegradable materials and summarizes the key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Hussain
- Institute of Polymer & Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Maqsood Khan
- Institute of Polymer & Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Institute of Polymer & Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Abbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Uzair Sajjad
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Khalid Hamid
- Process and Power Research Group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Menze R, Hesse B, Kusmierczuk M, Chen D, Weitkamp T, Bettink S, Scheller B. Synchrotron microtomography reveals insights into the degradation kinetics of bio-degradable coronary magnesium scaffolds. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:1-11. [PMID: 37771679 PMCID: PMC10522944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioresorbable magnesium scaffolds are a promising future treatment option for coronary artery stenosis, especially for young adults. Due to the degradation of these scaffolds (<1 year), long-term device-related clinical events could be reduced compared to treatments with conventional drug eluting stents. First clinical trials indicate a return of vasomotion after one year, which may be associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes. However, even after decades of development, the degradation process, ideal degradation time and biological response in vivo are still not fully understood. The present study investigates the in vivo degradation of magnesium scaffolds in the coronary arteries of pigs influenced by different strut thicknesses and the presence of antiproliferative drugs. Due to high 3D image contrast of synchrotron-based micro-CT with phase contrast (SR-μCT), a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the degradation morphology of magnesium scaffolds was obtained. For the segmentation of the μCT images a convolutional network architecture (U-net) was exploited, demonstrating the huge potential of merging high resolution SR-μCT with deep learning (DL) supported data analysis. In total, 30 scaffolds, made of the rare earth alloy Resoloy®, with different strut designs were implanted into the coronary arteries of 10 domestic pigs for 28 days using drug-coated or uncoated angioplasty balloons for post-dilatation. The degradation morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and SR-μCT. The data from these methods were then related to data from angiography, optical coherence tomography and histology. A thinner strut size (95 vs. 130 μm) and the presence of paclitaxel indicated a slower degradation rate at 28 d in vivo, which positively influences the late lumen loss (0.5 and 0.6 mm vs. 1.0 and 1.1 mm) and recoil values (0 and 1.7% vs. 6.1 and 22%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Menze
- MeKo Manufacturing e.K., Im Kirchenfelde 12-14, 31157, Sarstedt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- Xploraytion GmbH, Bismarckstr. 10-12, 10625, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Duote Chen
- Xploraytion GmbH, Bismarckstr. 10-12, 10625, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm Weitkamp
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | | | - Bruno Scheller
- Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Homburg, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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Li M, Wu J, Geng W, Gao P, Yang Y, Li X, Xu K, Liao Q, Cai K. Interaction pathways of implant metal localized corrosion and macrophage inflammatory reactions. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:355-367. [PMID: 37663618 PMCID: PMC10474585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in immunological responses to metallic species associated with the localized corrosion of metallic implants, and mediating in peri-implant inflammations. Herein, the pathways of localized corrosion-macrophage interactions were systematically investigated on 316L stainless steel (SS) implant metals. Electrochemical monitoring under macrophage-mediated inflammatory conditions showed a decreased pitting corrosion resistance of 316L SSs in the presence of RAW264.7 cells as the cells would disrupt biomolecule adsorbed layer on the metal surface. The pitting potentials were furtherly decreased when the RAW264.7 cells were induced to the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype by the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pitting corrosion preferentially initiated at the peripheries of macrophages. The overproduction of aggressive ROS under inflammatory conditions would accelerate the localized corrosion of 316L SS around macrophages. Under pitting corrosion condition, the viability and pro-inflammatory polarization of RAW264.7 cells were region-dependent, lower viability and more remarkable morphology transformation of macrophages in the pitting corrosion region than the pitting-free region. The pitting corrosion of 316L SS induced high expression of CD86, TNF-α, IL-6 and high level of intracellular ROS in macrophages. Uneven release of metallic species (Fe2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, etc) and uneven distribution of surface overpotential stimulated macrophage inflammatory responses near the corrosion pits. A synergetic effect of localized corrosion and macrophages was revealed, which could furtherly promote localized corrosion of 316L SS and macrophage inflammatory reactions. Our results provided direct evidence of corrosion-macrophage interaction in metallic implants and disclosed the pathways of this mutual stimulation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Wenbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yulu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
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Dong L, Shen Z, Zhang H, Zhang B, Zhou Y, Lv X, Hong X, Liu J, Yang W. Effect of unsoluble corrosion products of WE43 alloys in vitro on macrophages. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:6-19. [PMID: 37681297 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys have been used to manufacture biodegradable implants, bone graft substitutes, and cardiovascular stents. WE43 was the most widely used magnesium alloy. The degradation process begins when the magnesium alloy stent is implanted in the body and comes into contact with body fluid. The degradation products include hydrogen, Mg2+ , local alkaline environment, and unsoluble products. A large number of studies focused on Mg2+ and pH in vitro, and in vivo of magnesium alloys, but few studies on unsoluble corrosion products (UCPs). In this study, UCPs of WE43 alloy were prepared by immersion in vitro, and their effects on macrophages were investigated. The results showed that the unsoluble corrosion products were Mg24Y5, Mg12YNd, and MgCO3 ·3H2 O, which were dose-dependent on the apoptosis and necrosis of macrophages. After phagocytosis of UCPs, macrophages mainly metabolize in lysosome, and autophagy also participates in the metabolism of UCPs. It also decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and increases lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and P2X7 receptor activation. These will increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, activating NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscles, activating the downstream pro-IL18 and pro-IL1β, and converting it to IL-18, and IL-1β. However, its pro-inflammatory effect is far lower than that of the classical Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory pathway. This work has increased our understanding of magnesium alloy metabolism and provides new ideas for the clinical application of magnesium alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Binmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinze Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojian Hong
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaren Liu
- Department of Clinical Lab, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Liu WC, Chang CH, Chen CH, Lu CK, Ma CH, Huang SI, Fan WL, Shen HH, Tsai PI, Yang KY, Fu YC. 3D-Printed Double-Helical Biodegradable Iron Suture Anchor: A Rabbit Rotator Cuff Tear Model. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082801. [PMID: 35454494 PMCID: PMC9027822 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suture anchors are extensively used in rotator cuff tear surgery. With the advancement of three-dimensional printing technology, biodegradable metal has been developed for orthopedic applications. This study adopted three-dimensional-printed biodegradable Fe suture anchors with double-helical threads and commercialized non-vented screw-type Ti suture anchors with a tapered tip in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The in vitro study showed that the Fe and Ti suture anchors exhibited a similar ultimate failure load in 20-pound-per-cubic-foot polyurethane foam blocks and rabbit bone. In static immersion tests, the corrosion rate of Fe suture anchors was 0.049 ± 0.002 mm/year. The in vivo study was performed on New Zealand white rabbits and SAs were employed to reattach the ruptured supraspinatus tendon. The in vivo ultimate failure load of the Fe suture anchors was superior to that of the Ti suture anchors at 6 weeks. Micro-computed tomography showed that the bone volume fraction and bone surface density in the Fe suture anchors group 2 and 6 weeks after surgery were superior, and the histology confirmed that the increased bone volume around the anchor was attributable to mineralized osteocytes. The three-dimensional-printed Fe suture anchors outperformed the currently used Ti suture anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chih Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hau Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80420, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuan Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Park One International Hospital, Kaohsiung 81367, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hsien Ma
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan; (C.-H.M.); (S.-I.H.); (W.-L.F.); (H.-H.S.); (P.-I.T.)
| | - Shin-I Huang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan; (C.-H.M.); (S.-I.H.); (W.-L.F.); (H.-H.S.); (P.-I.T.)
| | - Wei-Lun Fan
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan; (C.-H.M.); (S.-I.H.); (W.-L.F.); (H.-H.S.); (P.-I.T.)
| | - Hsin-Hsin Shen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan; (C.-H.M.); (S.-I.H.); (W.-L.F.); (H.-H.S.); (P.-I.T.)
| | - Pei-I Tsai
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan; (C.-H.M.); (S.-I.H.); (W.-L.F.); (H.-H.S.); (P.-I.T.)
| | - Kuo-Yi Yang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan; (C.-H.M.); (S.-I.H.); (W.-L.F.); (H.-H.S.); (P.-I.T.)
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.F.)
| | - Yin-Chih Fu
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.F.)
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Menze R, Wittchow E. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel bioresorbable magnesium scaffold with different surface modifications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1292-1302. [PMID: 33386677 PMCID: PMC8359236 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The novel Resoloy® rare earth magnesium alloy was developed for bioresorbable vascular implant application, as an alternative to the WE43 used in Biotronik's Magmaris scaffold, which received CE approval in 2016. Initially, the Magmaris showed very promising preclinical and clinical results, but the formation of an unexpected conversion product and a too fast loss of integrity has proven to be a flaw. The safety and efficacy of Resoloy, which is intended to be bioresorbed without any remnants, has been investigated in an in vitro degradation study and a porcine coronary animal model. Four different groups of scaffolds composed of Resoloy (Res) as the backbone material and additionally equipped with a fluoride passivation layer (Res‐F), a polyester topcoat (Res‐P), or a duplex layer composed of a fluoride passivation layer and a polymeric topcoat (Res‐PF) were compared to a Magmaris scaffold in an in vitro degradation test. Preclinical safety and efficacy of Res‐F and Res‐PF were subsequently evaluated in a coronary porcine model for 12 and 28 days. Scanning electron microscope, quantitative coronary angiography, micro‐computed tomography, histopathology, and histomorphometry analyses were conducted to evaluate preclinical parameters and degradation behavior of the scaffolds. Res‐PF with a duplex layer shows the slowest degradation and the longest supporting force of all test groups. The in vitro data are confirmed by the results of the in vivo study, in which Res‐PF exhibited a longer supporting force than Res‐F, but also caused higher neointima formation. Both studied groups showed excellent biocompatibility. A starter colonization of the strut area with cells during bioresorption was observed. The in vitro degradation test shows that a combination of MgF2 passivation and a PLLA topcoat on a Resoloy magnesium backbone (Res‐PF) leads to a much slower degradation and a longer support time than a Magmaris control group. In a preclinical study, the safety and efficacy of this duplex layer could be demonstrated. The beginning colonization of the degraded strut area by macrophages can be seen as clear indications that the resorption of the intermediate degradation product takes a different course than that of the Magmaris scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Menze
- MeKo Laser Material Processing e.K, Sarstedt, Germany
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Fagali NS, Madrid MA, Pérez Maceda BT, López Fernández ME, Lozano Puerto RM, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele M. Effect of degradation products of iron-bioresorbable implants on the physiological behavior of macrophages in vitro. Metallomics 2020; 12:1841-1850. [PMID: 33155003 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of bioresorbable metals in vivo changes the physicochemical properties in the environment of an implant, such as a stent in the artery wall, and may induce the alteration of the functions of the surrounding cells. The Fe-degradation, from bioresorbable stents, is a particularly intricate process because it leads to the release of soluble (SDP) and insoluble degradation products (IDP) of varied composition. Macrophages are involved in the resorption of the exogenous agents coming from degradation of these materials. In the present work an Fe0 ring, made with a pure Fe wire, in contact with macrophage cell cultures was used to simulate the behaviour of a biodegradable Fe-based implant in a biological environment. Non-invasive time-lapse optical microscopy was applied to obtain images of macrophages exposed to Fe-degradation products, without using staining to avoid distortions and artefacts. It was noticed that as metal degraded, the IDP formed in situ accumulated close to the Fe0 ring. In this zone, the macrophages showed a dynamic process of uptake of dark Fe-containing products, confirmed by SEM-EDX. These macrophages showed alterations in the morphology and decrease in the motility and viability. The inability of the macrophages to move and to degrade the engulfed products caused a long persistence of IDP in the zone closest to the metal. The deleterious effects of IDP accumulated close to the ring, were significantly worse than those observed in the experiments made with (1) concentrated salt solutions (Fe3+ salt 3 mM), with the same amount of precipitates but uniformly distributed in the well, and (2) diluted salt solutions (Fe3+ salt 1 mM) with mainly soluble species. The results were confirmed by standard staining protocols that revealed dead cells close to the Fe0 ring and oxidative stress in cells exposed to both soluble and insoluble species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Fagali
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT La Plata, CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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Echeverry-Rendon M, Echeverria F, Harmsen MC. Interaction of different cell types with magnesium modified by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111153. [PMID: 32505097 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is a material widely used in industrial applications due to its low weight, ductility, and excellent mechanical properties. For non-permanent implants, Mg is particularly well-suited because of its biodegradability, while its degradation products are not harmful. However, Mg is chemically reactive, and cytotoxic hydrogen gas is released as part of the degradation. This adverse degradation can be tuned using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). With PEO, a surface layer of MgO/Mg(OH)2 is deposited on the surface of Mg in a controlled way. The electrolytes used during PEO influence the surface's chemistry and topography and thus expectedly the biological response of adhered cells. In this study, thin samples of commercial pure of Mg (c.p Mg) were modified by PEO guided by different electrolytes, and the biological activity was assessed on vascular cells, immune cells, and repair cells (adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, ASCs). Vascular cells were more vulnerable than ASCs for compounds released by surface-coated Mg. All surface coatings supported the proliferation of adhered ASC. Released compounds from surface-coated Mg delayed but did not block in vitro wound closure of fibroblasts monolayers. Preformed endothelial tubes were vulnerable for released compounds, while their supporting ASC was not. We conclude that PEO-based surface-coating of Mg supports adhesion and future delivery of therapeutic vascular repair cells such as ASC, but that the observed vulnerability of vascular cells for coated Mg components warrants investigations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Echeverry-Rendon
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, NL-9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Felix Echeverria
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, NL-9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Xu J, Hopkins C, Chow DH, Qin L. Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Implants in Orthopedics-A General Review and Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902443. [PMID: 32328412 PMCID: PMC7175270 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable Mg-based metals may be promising orthopedic implants for treating challenging bone diseases, attributed to their desirable mechanical and osteopromotive properties. This Review summarizes the current status and future research trends for Mg-based orthopedic implants. First, the properties between Mg-based implants and traditional orthopedic implants are compared on the following aspects: in vitro and in vivo degradation mechanisms of Mg-based implants, peri-implant bone responses, the fate of the degradation products, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Mg ions on osteogenesis. Then, the preclinical studies conducted at the low weight bearing sites of animals are introduced. The innovative strategies (for example, via designing Mg-containing hybrid systems) are discussed to address the limitations of Mg-based metals prior to their clinical applications at weight-bearing sites. Finally, the available clinical studies are summarized and the challenges and perspectives of Mg-based orthopedic implants are discussed. Taken together, the progress made on the development of Mg-based implants in basic, translational, and clinical research has laid down a foundation for developing a new era in the treatment of challenging and prevalent bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Li Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopaedics & TraumatologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Jian‐Kun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopaedics & TraumatologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Chelsea Hopkins
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopaedics & TraumatologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Dick Ho‐Kiu Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopaedics & TraumatologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopaedics & TraumatologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARP. R. China
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10
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Jin L, Chen C, Jia G, Li Y, Zhang J, Huang H, Kang B, Yuan G, Zeng H, Chen T. The bioeffects of degradable products derived from a biodegradable Mg-based alloy in macrophages via heterophagy. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:428-438. [PMID: 32044459 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium alloys are promising candidates for use in biomedical applications. However, degradable particles (DPs) derived from Mg-based alloys have been observed in tissue in proximity to sites of implantation, which might result in unexpected effects. Although previous in vitro studies have found that macrophages can take up DPs, little is known about the potential phagocytic pathway and the mechanism that processes DPs in cells. Additionally, it is necessary to estimate the potential bioeffects of DPs on macrophages. Thus, in this study, DPs were generated from a Mg-2.1Nd-0.2Zn-0.5Zr alloy (JDBM) by an electrochemical method, and then macrophages were incubated with the DPs to reveal the potential impact. The results showed that the cell viability of macrophages decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of DPs due to effects of an apoptotic pathway. However, the DPs were phagocytosed into the cytoplasm of macrophages and further degraded in phagolysosomes, which comprised lysosomes and phagosomes, by heterophagy instead of autophagy. Furthermore, several pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages were upregulated by DPs through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that DPs derived from a Mg-based alloy are consistently degraded in phagolysosomes after phagocytosis by macrophages via heterophagy, which results in an inflammatory response owing to ROS overproduction. Thus, our research has increased the knowledge of the metabolism of biodegradable Mg metal, which will contribute to an understanding of the health effects of biodegradable magnesium metal implants used for tissue repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomedical degradable Mg-based alloys have great promise in applied medicine. Although previous studies have found that macrophages can uptake degradable particles (DPs) in vitro and observed in the sites of implantation in vivoin vivo, few studies have been carried out on the potential bioeffects relationship between DPs and macrophages. In this study, we analyzed the bioeffects of DPs derived from a Mg-based alloy on the macrophages. We illustrated that the DPs were size-dependently engulfed by macrophages via heterophagy and further degraded in the phagolysosome rather than autophagosome. Furthermore, DPs were able to induce a slight inflammatory response in macrophages by inducing ROS production. Thus, our research enhances the knowledge of the interaction between DPs of Mg-based alloy and cells, and offers a new perspective regarding the use of biodegradable alloys.
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Sun L, Zhao BC, Wang T, Cui JY, Zhang S, Li F, Zhang Q, Cai H, Jiang HB, Lee ES. Surface Characterization and Corrosion Resistance of Biomedical AZ31 Mg Alloy Treated by Microarc Fluorination. SCANNING 2020; 2020:5936789. [PMID: 33193944 PMCID: PMC7641723 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5936789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The application prospect of biodegradable materials is being studied extensively. However, the high corrosion rate and its alloys in body fluids have been major limitations of the application of pure Mg (magnesium). To improve corrosion resistance of biodegradable AZ31 Mg alloy, we adopted microarc fluorination within a voltage range of 100-300 V in 46% hydrofluoric acid. To obtain morphologies, chemical compositions, and structural characteristics, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed, respectively. Results showed that the coating was mainly composed of MgF2. Electrochemical corrosion and immersion tests proved that the corrosion resistance of MAF-treated AZ31 Mg alloy was significantly improved compared with untreated AZ31 Mg alloy in HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution). Current densities of AZ31, MAF100, MAF150, MAF200, MAF250, and MAF300 were 342.4, 0.295, 0.228, 0.177, 0.199, and 0.212 μA/cm2, respectively. The roughness test indicated that samples under MAF treatment of 200 V, 250 V, and 300 V had large surface roughness. Meanwhile, the contact angle measurement and surface free energy test suggested that those samples had smaller contact angle and higher SFE than Ti. Thus, MAF-treated AZ31 Mg alloy might have promising application in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Bing Cheng Zhao
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jia Yi Cui
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - ShuXin Zhang
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Feng Li
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Shandong Liming Institute of Technology and Vocational College, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - HongXin Cai
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- Stomatological Materials Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
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Wu W, Yu X, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Yang H. Characterization and Biocompatibility of Insoluble Corrosion Products of AZ91 Mg Alloys. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15139-15148. [PMID: 31552359 PMCID: PMC6751716 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable Mg alloys have good bioactivity and suitable mechanical properties, which is desirable for application in the clinical fields. However, the biocompatibility of Mg alloys during the degradation process has always been a concern. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of AZ91 alloys in a simulated cell culture environment was studied, especially the insoluble corrosion product during the degradation was characterized, and the biocompatibility of the insoluble corrosion products was evaluated. The results of immersion test showed that the corrosion rate of the AZ91 alloy was low under the condition of high CO2 and humidity, especially in phosphate-buffered saline. Moreover, the insoluble corrosion product was MgCO3·3H2O, which showed a needle-like, circular aggregated, and square-radial feature. Meanwhile, MgCO3·3H2O showed poor cell biocompatibility by increasing the pH and Mg2+ content of the culture solution, which may affect the biocompatibility of Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- School
of Fundamental Sciences and School of Pharmacy, China
Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Institute
of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School
of Fundamental Sciences and School of Pharmacy, China
Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiran Jiang
- School
of Fundamental Sciences and School of Pharmacy, China
Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School
of Fundamental Sciences and School of Pharmacy, China
Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
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Zhang J, Li H, Wang W, Huang H, Pei J, Qu H, Yuan G, Li Y. The degradation and transport mechanism of a Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr stent in rabbit common carotid artery: A 20-month study. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:372-384. [PMID: 29369807 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mg-based stent is a promising candidate of the next generation fully degradable vascular stents. The latest progress includes the CE approval of the Magmaris ® WE43 based drug eluting stent. However, so far, the long term (more than 1 year implantation) in vivo degradation and the physiological effects caused by the degradation products were still unclear. In this study, a 20 month observation was carried out after the bare Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr (abbr. JDBM) stent prototype was implanted into the common carotid artery of New Zealand white rabbit in order to evaluate its safety, efficacy and especially degradation behavior. The degradation of the main second phase Mg12Nd was also studied. Results showed that the bare JDBM stent had good safety and efficacy with a complete re-endothelialization within 28 days. The JDBM stent struts were mostly replaced in situ by degradation products in 4 month. The important finding was that the volume and Ca concentration of the degradation products decreased in the long term, eliminating the clinicians' concern of possible vessel calcification. In addition, the alloying elements Mg and Zn in the stent could be safely metabolized as continuous enrichment in any of the main organs were not detected although Nd and Zr showed an abrupt increase in spleen and liver after 1 month implantation. Collectively, the long term in vivo results showed the rapid re-endothelialization of JDBM stent and the long term safety of the degradation products, indicating its great potential as the backbone of the fully degradable vascular stent. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mg-based stent is a promising candidate of the next generation fully degradable stents, especially after the recent market launch of one of its kind (Magmaris). However the fundamental question about the long term degradation and metabolic mechanism of Mg-based stent and its degradation products remain unanswered. We implanted our patented Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr bare stent into the common carotid artery of rabbits and conducted a 20 months observation. We found that the Ca containing degradation products could be further degraded in vivo. All the alloying elements showed no continuous enrichment in the main organs of rabbits. These findings eliminate the clinicians' concern of possible vessel calcification and element enrichment after the implantation of Mg alloy based stents to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jia Pei
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haiyun Qu
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yongdong Li
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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