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Swetha Menon NP, Kamaraj M, Anish Sharmila M, Govarthanan M. Recent progress in polysaccharide and polypeptide based modern moisture-retentive wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128499. [PMID: 38048932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Wounds were considered as defects in the tissues of the human skin and wound healing is said to be a tedious process as there are possibilities of infection or inflammation due to microorganisms. Modern moisture-retentive wound dressing (MMRWD) is opening a new window toward wound therapy. It comprises different types of wound dressing that has classified based on their functionality. Selective polysaccharide-polypeptide fiber composite materials such as hydrogels, hydrocolloids, hydro fibers, transparent-film dressing, and alginate dressing are discussed in this review as a type of MMRWD. The highlight of this polysaccharide and polypeptide based MMRWD is that it supports and enhances the healing of different types of wounds by moisture absorption thus preventing infection. This study has given enlightenment on the application of selected polysaccharide and polypeptide based MMRWD that enhances wound healing actions still it has been observed that the composite wound healing dressing is more effective than the single one. The nano-sized materials (synthetic nano drugs and phyto drugs) were found to increase the efficiency of healing action while coated in the wound dressing material. Future research is required to find out more possibilities of the different composite types of wound dressing in the healing action.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Swetha Menon
- Department of Fashion Designing, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology -Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Fashion Design and Arts, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Deemed to be University, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Kamaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology -Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India; Life Science Division, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia.
| | - M Anish Sharmila
- Department of Fashion Design and Arts, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Deemed to be University, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
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2
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Shahbaz A, Hussain N, Basra MAR, Bilal M. Polysaccharides‐based nano‐hybrid biomaterial platforms for tissue engineering, drug delivery and food packaging applications. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Areej Shahbaz
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB) University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB) University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Raza Basra
- Centre for clinical and nutritional Chemistry School of Chemistry University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian 223003 China
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3
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Jia J, Duan S, Zhou X, Sun L, Qin C, Li M, Ge F. Long-Term Antibacterial Film Nanocomposite Incorporated with Patchouli Essential Oil Prepared by Supercritical CO 2 Cyclic Impregnation for Wound Dressing. Molecules 2021; 26:5005. [PMID: 34443590 PMCID: PMC8400993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible skin wound dressing materials with long-term therapeutic windows and anti-infection properties have attracted great attention all over the world. The cooperation between essential oil and non-toxic or bio-based polymers was a promising strategy. However, the inherent volatility and chemical instability of most ingredients in essential oils make the sustained pharmacological activity of essential oil-based biomaterials a challenge. In this study, a kind of film nanocomposite loaded with patchouli essential oil (PEO-FNC) was fabricated. PEO-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PEO-MSNs) with drug load higher than 40 wt% were firstly prepared using supercritical CO2 cyclic impregnation (SCCI), and then combined with the film matrix consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan. The morphology of PEO-MSNs and PEO-FNC was observed by transmission and scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties, including hygroscopicity, tensile strength and elongation at break (%), were tested. The release behavior of PEO from the film nanocomposite showed that PEO could keep releasing for more than five days. PEO-FNC exhibited good long-term (>48 h) antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and non-toxicity on mouse fibroblast (L929 cells), making it a promising wound dressing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Q.)
| | - Shulei Duan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Q.)
| | - Lifang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Q.)
| | - Chengyuan Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Q.)
| | - Ming Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Fahuan Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Q.)
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4
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Gong Y, Mohd S, Wu S, Liu S, Pei Y, Luo X. pH-Responsive Cellulose-Based Microspheres Designed as an Effective Oral Delivery System for Insulin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2734-2741. [PMID: 33553891 PMCID: PMC7860066 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional modified cellulose microsphere (CMs) materials exhibit great application potential in drug various fields. Here, we designed pH-responsive carboxylated cellulose microspheres (CCMs) by the citric/hydrochloric acid hydrolysis method to enhance oral bioavailability of insulin by a green route. The CMs were high purity cellulose that dissolved and regenerated from a green solvent by the green sol-gel method. The prepared microspheres were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XPS), etc. The spherical porous structure and carboxylation of cellulose were confirmed by FESEM and FT-IR, respectively. Insulin was loaded into the CCMs by electrostatic interactions, and the insulin release was controlled through ionization of carboxyl groups and proton balance. In vitro insulin release profiles demonstrated the suppression of insulin release in artificial gastric fluid (AGF), while a significant increase at artificial intestinal fluid (AIF) was observed. The insulin release profile was fitted in Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model, and insulin release was governed by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The stability of the secondary structure of insulin was studied by dichroism circular. Excellent biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity of designed CCMs cast them as a potential oral insulin carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Gong
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shabbir Mohd
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Simei Wu
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Liu
- College
of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong
Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001 Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ying Pei
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001 Henan Province, P.R. China
- . Tel.: +86-182-39907053
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001 Henan Province, P.R. China
- ; . Tel.: +86-139-86270668
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5
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Mert H, Özkahraman B, Damar H. A novel wound dressing material: Pullulan grafted copolymer hydrogel via UV copolymerization and crosslinking. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Trusek A, Kijak E, Granicka L. Graphene oxide as a potential drug carrier - Chemical carrier activation, drug attachment and its enzymatic controlled release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111240. [PMID: 32806281 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), due to its properties, such as nanometric dimensions, large specific surface area, and biocompatibility, can be used as a carrier in controlled drug release systems. The method of its chemical activation before drug molecules binding was elaborated. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, was attached to the surface of GO via the Gly-Gly-Leu linker. Approximately 3.07 · 1020 molecules of the tripeptide were attached to 1 g of GO and subsequently almost the same number of DOX molecules. GO was suspended inside a sol surrounded by a thin porous membrane. The bound DOX was effectively released using thermolysin, an enzyme cleaving peptide bonds between Gly and Leu inside the linker structure. The membrane, as the shell was responsible for keeping enzyme molecules in their native form and GO flakes inside the carrier, simultaneously allowed the released drug molecules to diffuse outside. The rate of drug release was described as a function of the enzyme concentration and mass of DOX expressed on carrier volume; thus, the daily dose and length of the therapy can be controlled. Studies involving the cell line of mice fibrosarcoma WEHI 164 have shown that the prepared carrier itself is not toxic and only the introduction of DOX-releasing enzyme into it causes cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trusek
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Group of Micro, Nano and Bioprocess Engineering, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edward Kijak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Dental Prosthetics, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ludomira Granicka
- The Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences Ks, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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Yang C, Wang L, Yu Y, Wu P, Wang F, Liu S, Luo X. Highly efficient removal of amoxicillin from water by Mg-Al layered double hydroxide/cellulose nanocomposite beads synthesized through in-situ coprecipitation method. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Jiang X, Zhu X, Chang C, Liu S, Luo X. X-ray shielding structural and properties design for the porous transparent BaSO 4/cellulose nanocomposite membranes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:793-800. [PMID: 31362024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since effective shielding of X-rays was required in medical, aviation and nuclear fields, a novel X-ray shielding BaSO4/cellulose nanocomposite membrane (BSCM) material with porous transparent structure has been designed. The effects of carboxylated nano-BaSO4 (BS) addition on the physical and morphological properties of the cellulose membrane (CM) were investigated. Meanwhile, the influence of X-ray shielding capacity was studied by different layers of composite membranes and the shielding mechanism of the X-ray was also discussed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images displayed the aggregations of BS in the cellulose surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the incorporation of BS into CM caused molecular interactions between CM and BS. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) indicated that the load of BS contributed little to the specific surface area and pore size. Meanwhile, the water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) also stayed at the same level before and after the binding of BS. The swelling ratios, weight loss ratios and mechanical property were decreased along with the addition of BS. The radiation shielding ability was enhanced. Therefore, this work was regarded as a possible example that the BSCM was designed as X-ray radiation shielding material or sandwich filler material in the implication of radiation shielding glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xingrong Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chunyu Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shilin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City 450001, Henan Province, China.
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9
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Production and characterisation of bacterial cellulose hydrogels loaded with curcumin encapsulated in cyclodextrins as wound dressings. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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P. S, C.R. R, Sundaran SP, Binoy A, Mishra N, A. S. In-vitro evaluation on drug release kinetics and antibacterial activity of dextran modified polyurethane fibrous membrane. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:717-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Biliuta G, Coseri S. Cellulose: A ubiquitous platform for ecofriendly metal nanoparticles preparation. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Temperature Dependence of the Pore Structure in Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/Graphene Composite Membrane Probed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101123. [PMID: 30961048 PMCID: PMC6403548 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, graphene was introduced in the PVDF to improve the thermal stability of the pore structure, which is the key feature for the membrane applied for the thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) process. The PVDF/graphene composite membranes were characterized by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a water contact angle measurement, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that the composite membranes exhibited improved surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the pores in pure PVDF membrane would expand during the heat process while the existence of graphene in PVDF clearly suppressed the expansion, which implied better thermal stability of the pores in the composite membrane. According to the pore deformation time, the heat conductivities of the membranes were calculated and compared with each other. It confirmed that the composite membrane with higher graphene content exhibited enhanced heat conductivity. EIS can be used to monitor the temperature dependence of the pore structure in aqueous environments.
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Chen CS, Zeng F, Xiao X, Wang Z, Li XL, Tan RW, Liu WQ, Zhang YS, She ZD, Li SJ. Three-Dimensionally Printed Silk-Sericin-Based Hydrogel Scaffold: A Promising Visualized Dressing Material for Real-Time Monitoring of Wounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33879-33890. [PMID: 30204403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A wound dressing which can be convenient for real-time monitoring of wounds is particularly attractive and user-friendly. In this study, a nature-originated silk-sericin-based (SS-based) transparent hydrogel scaffold was prepared and evaluated for the visualization of wound care. The scaffold was fabricated from a hybrid interpenetrating-network (IPN) hydrogel composed of SS and methacrylic-anhydride-modified gelatin (GelMA) by 3D printing. The scaffold transformed into a highly transparent hydrogel upon swelling in PBS, and thus, anything underneath could be easily read. The scaffold had a high degree of swelling and presented a regularly macroporous structure with pores around 400 μm × 400 μm, which can help maintain the moist and apinoid environment for wound healing. Meanwhile, the scaffolds were conducive to adhesion and proliferation of L929 cells. A coculture of HaCaT and HSF cells on the scaffold showed centralized proliferation of the two cells in distributed layers, respectively, denoting a promising comfortable environment for re-epithelialization. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that the scaffold showed no excessive inflammatory reaction. In short, this work presented an SS-based transparent hydrogel scaffold with steerable physical properties and excellent biocompatibility through 3D printing, pioneering promising applications in the visualization of wound care and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510280 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Graduate School of Tsinghua University at Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Rong-Wei Tan
- Lando Biomaterials R&D Center, Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Ye-Shun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute , Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang 212018 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Ding She
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
- Lando Biomaterials R&D Center, Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Song-Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510280 , P. R. China
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Amalraj A, Gopi S, Thomas S, Haponiuk JT. Cellulose Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Food, and Nutraceutical Applications: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Amalraj
- R&D Centre; Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd; Kolenchery Cochin-682 311 Kerala India
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre; Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd; Kolenchery Cochin-682 311 Kerala India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; Priyadarshini Hills, P. O., Kottayam-686 560 Kerala India
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