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Fedorowicz J, Sączewski J. Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4649. [PMID: 38731869 PMCID: PMC11083083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design and synthesis of biologically active quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The covered scope extends beyond commonly reviewed antimicrobial derivatives to include synthetic agents with antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Additionally, this review highlights examples of quaternary ammonium compounds exhibiting activity against protozoa and herbicidal effects, as well as analgesic and anesthetic derivatives. The article also embraces the quaternary-ammonium-containing cholinesterase inhibitors and muscle relaxants. QACs, marked by their inherent permanent charge, also find widespread usage across diverse domains such as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, detergents, and disinfectants. The effectiveness of QACs hinges greatly on finding the right equilibrium between hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. The ideal length of the alkyl chain varies according to the unique structure of each QAC and its biological settings. It is expected that this review will provide comprehensive data for medicinal and industrial chemists to design and develop novel QAC-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Zhou Z, Zhou S, Zhang X, Zeng S, Xu Y, Nie W, Zhou Y, Xu T, Chen P. Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Insights into Synthesis and New Directions in Antibacterial Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:302-325. [PMID: 36748912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of a large number of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria, and increasing evidence indicates that a fungicide with an antibacterial mechanism different from that of antibiotics is needed. Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) are a biparental substance with good antibacterial properties that kills bacteria through simple electrostatic adsorption and insertion into cell membranes/altering of cell membrane permeability. Therefore, the probability of bacteria developing drug resistance is greatly reduced. In this review, we focus on the synthesis and application of single-chain QASs, double-chain QASs, heterocyclic QASs, and gemini QASs (GQASs). Some possible structure-function relationships of QASs are also summarized. As such, we hope this review will provide insight for researchers to explore more applications of QASs in the field of antimicrobials with the aim of developing systems for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shuguang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 236000, China
| | - Xiran Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wangyan Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Pengpeng Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Cationic gemini surfactant properties, its potential as a promising bioapplication candidate, and strategies for improving its biocompatibility: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102581. [PMID: 34891074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gemini surfactants consist of two cationic monomers of a surfactant linked together with a spacer. The specific structure of a cationic gemini surfactant is the reason for both its high surface activity and its ability to decrease the surface tension of water. The high surface activity and unique structure of gemini surfactants result in outstanding properties, including antibacterial and antifungal activity, anticorrosion properties, unique aggregation behaviour, the ability to form various structures reversibly in response to environmental conditions, and interactions with biomacromolecules such as DNA and proteins. These properties can be tailored by selecting the optimal structure of a gemini surfactant in terms of the nature and length of its alkyl substituents, spacer, and head group. Additionally, regarding their properties, comparison with their monomeric counterparts demonstrates that gemini surfactants have higher performance efficacy at lower concentrations. Hence, less material is needed, and the toxicity is lower. However, there are some limitations regarding their biocompatibility that have led researchers to develop amino acid-based and sugar-based gemini surfactants. Owing to their remarkable properties, cationic gemini surfactants are promising candidates for bioapplications such as drug delivery systems, gene carriers, and biomaterial surface modification.
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Yu J, Wang L, Zhao Y, Zhou C. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial property of carboxymethyl cellulose derivatives bearing tetrabutylammonium salt. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:72-77. [PMID: 33577813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose derivatives bearing tetrabutylammonium moieties (CMC-TBA) were synthesized by the acidification of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) followed by acid-base neutralization with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The products were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the degrees of substitution (DS) values were also quantified according to the integral area values in 1H NMR spectra. It was revealed that DS values had a positive relationship with the molar ratios of TBAOH to CMC. The antibacterial behaviors against gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria E. coli were investigated using serial two-fold dilution method (MIC and MBC) and the disc diffusion method (inhibition zone). The results showed that comparison with CMC, all new CMC-TBA derivatives exhibited high antibacterial activity that depends on bacteria type and their degrees of cationization. The antibacterial action was more effective against S. aureus than E. coli, which could be attributed to the fact that the latter has a complicated bilayer structure of cell wall. Besides, an apparent tendency that the antibacterial activity of CMC-TBA derivatives enhanced with an increase in the degrees of cationization was found. This work suggests that these new derivatives can be introduced as efficient antibacterial biomaterials for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Lingjiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
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de Sousa AK, Ribeiro FO, de Oliveira TM, de Araújo AR, Dias JDN, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I, de Jesus Oliveira AC, Quelemes PV, Leite JR, da Silva DA. Quaternization of angico gum and evaluation of anti-staphylococcal effect and toxicity of their derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:1175-1183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang J, Pan M, Yuan J, Wang Y, Liu G, Zhu L. Revisiting the Classical Emulsion Polymerization: An Intriguing Occurrence of Monodispersed Bowl-Shaped Particles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Yajiao Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Zhao P, Mecozzi F, Wessel S, Fieten B, Driesse M, Woudstra W, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC, Loontjens TJA. Preparation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Hyperbranched Emulsifiers for Waterborne Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5779-5786. [PMID: 30673292 PMCID: PMC6495385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are a major problem in medical health care. To solve this problem, a series of antimicrobial waterborne paints were prepared by using antimicrobial hyperbranched (HB) emulsifiers. The HB-emulsifiers were prepared by polymerizing AB2 monomers obtained in a one-step reaction of bis(hexamethylene)triamine and carbonyl biscaprolactam. The blocked isocyanate end groups (B groups) of the HB-polymer were utilized to introduce tertiary amino groups through the reaction with compounds comprising either a hydroxyl or a primary amino group and a tertiary amino group. Quaternization of the tertiary amines with 6 different alkyl bromides resulted in 12 amphiphilic cationic species. The 12 emulsifiers showed the successful inhibition and killing of 8 bacterial and 2 fungal strains. The killing efficacy increased with increasing alkyl chain length. The octyl-functionalized compound was chosen for suspension polymerizations because of the good compromise between killing and emulsifying properties. With this emulsifier, aqueous poly(methacrylate) suspensions were prepared, which were stable and had excellent killing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Mecozzi
- University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Wessel
- University
of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Fieten
- Van
Wijhe Verf, Russenweg
14, 8000 AE Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem Woudstra
- University
of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Busscher
- University
of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- University
of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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