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Larue L, Michely L, Grande D, Belbekhouche S. Design of Collagen and Gelatin-based Electrospun Fibers for Biomedical Purposes: An Overview. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39092811 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Collagen and gelatin are essential natural biopolymers commonly utilized in biomaterials and tissue engineering because of their excellent physicochemical and biocompatibility properties. They can be used either in combination with other biomacromolecules or particles or even exclusively for the enhancement of bone regeneration or for the development of biomimetic scaffolds. Collagen or gelatin derivatives can be transformed into nanofibrous materials with porous micro- or nanostructures and superior mechanical properties and biocompatibility using electrospinning technology. Specific attention was recently paid to electrospun mats of such biopolymers, due to their high ratio of surface area to volume, as well as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. The fiber mats with submicro- and nanometer scale can replicate the extracellular matrix structure of human tissues and organs, making them highly suitable for use in tissue engineering due to their exceptional bioaffinity. The drawbacks may include rapid degradation and complete dissolution in aqueous media. The use of gelatin/collagen electrospun nanofibers in this form is thus greatly restricted for biomedicine. Therefore, the cross-linking of these fibers is necessary for controlling their aqueous solubility. This led to enhanced biological characteristics of the fibers, rendering them excellent options for various biomedical uses. The objective of this review is to highlight the key research related to the electrospinning of collagen and gelatin, as well as their applications in the biomedical field. The review features a detailed examination of the electrospinning fiber mats, showcasing their varying structures and performances resulting from diverse solvents, electrospinning processes, and cross-linking methods. Judiciously selected examples from literature will be presented to demonstrate major advantages of such biofibers. The current developments and difficulties in this area of research are also being addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Larue
- Université Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Laurent Michely
- Université Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Daniel Grande
- Université Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Sabrina Belbekhouche
- Université Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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2
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Syed MH, Khan MMR, Zahari MAKM, Beg MDH, Abdullah N. Current issues and potential solutions for the electrospinning of major polysaccharides and proteins: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126735. [PMID: 37690643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers, especially polysaccharides and proteins, are the promising green replacement for petroleum based polymers. Due to their innate properties, they are effectively used in biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. The fibrous morphology of biopolymers is essentially required for the effectiveness in these biomedical applications. Electrospinning (ES) is the most advanced and robust method to fabricate nanofibers (NFs) and provides a complete solution to the conventional methods issues. However, the major issues regarding fabricating polysaccharides and protein nanofibers using ES include poor electrospinnability, lack of desired fundamental properties for a specific application by a single biopolymer, and insolubility among common solvents. The current review provides the main strategies for effective electrospinning of the major biopolymers. The key strategies include blending major biopolymers with suitable biopolymers and optimizing the solvent system. A systematic literature review was done to provide the optimized solvent system of the major biopolymers along with their best possible biopolymeric blend for ES. The review also highlights the fundamental issues with the commercialization of ES based biomedical products and provides future directions to improve the fabrication of biopolymeric nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Haider Syed
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md Maksudur Rahman Khan
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Mior Ahmad Khushairi Mohd Zahari
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Norhayati Abdullah
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
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3
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Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chen Y, Chen B, Kang W, Ju J. Fabrication of PS/PVDF-HFP Multi-Level Structured Micro/Nano Fiber Membranes by One-Step Electrospinning. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:807. [PMID: 37887979 PMCID: PMC10608412 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the multi-level interwoven structured micro/nano fiber membranes with coarse and fine overlaps have attracted lots of attention due to their advantages of high surface roughness, high porosity, good mechanical strength, etc., but their simple and direct preparation methods still need to be developed. Herein, the multi-level structured micro/nano fiber membranes were prepared novelly and directly by a one-step electrospinning technique based on the principle of micro-phase separation caused by polymer incompatibility using polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-HFP) as raw materials. It was found that different spinning fluid parameters and various spinning process parameters will have a significant impact on its morphology and structures. Under certain conditions (the concentration of spinning solution is 18 wt%, the mass ratio of PS to PVDF-HFP is 1:7, the spinning voltage is 30 kV, and the spinning receiving distance is 18 cm), the PS/PVDF-HFP membrane with optimal multi-level structured micro/nano fiber membranes could be obtained, which present an average pore size of 4.38 ± 0.10 μm, a porosity of 78.9 ± 3.5%, and a water contact angle of 145.84 ± 1.70°. The formation mechanism of micro/nano fiber interwoven structures was proposed through conductivity and viscosity tests. In addition, it was initially used as a separation membrane material in membrane distillation, and its performance was preliminarily explored. This paper provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the research and development of an efficient and feasible method for the preparation of multi-level micro/nano fiber membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Shandong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd., Economic Development Zone of Boxing County, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Zehao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Yuting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Bofei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Weimin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jingge Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Shandong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd., Economic Development Zone of Boxing County, Binzhou 256500, China
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Liu S, He S, Chen C, Li C, Luo W, Zheng K, Wang J, Li Z, He H, Chen Q, Li Y. A Versatile Disorder-to-Order Technology to Upgrade Polymers into High-Performance Bioinspired Materials. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300068. [PMID: 37269485 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymer as traditional material has been widely used in the medical and tissue engineering fields, but there is a great limitation as to its inferior mechanical performance for repairing load-bearing tissues. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop a novel technology to fabricate high-performance biodegradable polymers. Herein, inspired by the bone's superstructure, a versatile disorder-to-order technology (VDOT) is proposed to manufacture a high-strength and high-elastic modulus stereo-composite self-reinforced polymer fiber. The mean tensile strength (336.1 MPa) and elastic modulus (4.1 GPa) of the self-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) fiber are 5.2 and 2.1 times their counterparts of the traditional PLA fiber prepared by the existing spinning method. Moreover, the polymer fibers have the best ability of strength retention during degradation. Interestingly, the fiber tensile strength is even higher than those of bone (200 MPa) and some medical metals (e.g., Al and Mg). Based on all-polymeric raw materials, the VDOT endows bioinspired polymers with improved strength, elastic modulus, and degradation-controlled mechanical maintenance, making it a versatile update technology for the massive industrial production of high-performance biomedical polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Liu
- Engineering Research Centre for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng He
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Can Chen
- Engineering Research Centre for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chunwang Li
- Engineering Research Centre for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan He
- Engineering Research Centre for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Engineering Research Centre for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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5
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Zena Y, Tesfaye M, Tumssa Z, Periyasamy S. Effects of modified elastin-collagen matrix on the thermal and mechanical properties of Poly (lactic acid). Heliyon 2023; 9:e19598. [PMID: 37809474 PMCID: PMC10558821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has distinctive characteristics, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, thermal process ability, high transparency and good film-forming ability. However, PLA has some poor properties that limit its wide applicability. These properties include a low crystallization rate, poor thermal stability, and high brittleness. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect of a modified elastin-collagen (m-ELA-COLL) matrix on the properties of PLA. The ELA-COLL matrix was extracted from broiler skin waste and modified by grafting using lactic acid monomer to facilitate compatibility with PLA. The extracted and modified ELA-COLL matrix was investigated using FTIR, and α-helix and β-sheet structures were confirmed in both cases (pre- and post-modifications). Modified elastin-collagen dispersed Poly (lactic acid) (PLA-m-ELA-COLL) blend films were prepared using the solution casting method and characterized using DSC and UTM. The effect of m-ELA-COLL as a nucleating agent resulted in the degree of crystallinity improvement of 58.8% with 10 wt% m-ELA/COLL loading, and the elongation at break was improved by 161.3% for PLA-40%-m-ELA-COLL with a tensile strength of 33.75 MPa. The results obtained revealed that the biofilms can be considered as a good candidate to be studied further in the packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezihalem Zena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Melakuu Tesfaye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tumssa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Selvakumar Periyasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
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6
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Electrospinning for the Modification of 3D Objects for the Potential Use in Tissue Engineering. TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies10030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is often investigated for biotechnological applications, such as tissue engineering and cell growth in general. In many cases, three-dimensional scaffolds would be advantageous to prepare tissues in a desired shape. Some studies thus investigated 3D-printed scaffolds decorated with electrospun nanofibers. Here, we report on the influence of 3D-printed substrates on fiber orientation and diameter of a nanofiber mat, directly electrospun on conductive and isolating 3D-printed objects, and show the effect of shadowing, taking 3D-printed ears with electrospun nanofiber mats as an example for potential and direct application in tissue engineering in general.
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7
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Shao Z, Chen Y, Jiang J, Xiao Y, Kang G, Wang X, Li W, Zheng G. Multistage-Split Ultrafine Fluffy Nanofibrous Membrane for High-Efficiency Antibacterial Air Filtration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18989-19001. [PMID: 35436100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial air filtration membranes are essential for personal protection during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, high-efficiency filtration with low pressure drop and effective antibiosis is difficult to achieve. To solve this problem, an innovative electrospinning system with low binding energy and high conductivity was built to enhance the jet splitting, and a fluffy nanofibrous membrane containing numerous ultrafine nanofibers and large quantities of antibacterial agents was achieved, which was fabricated by electrospinning polyamide 6 (PA6), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), chitosan (CS), and curcumin (Cur). The filtration efficiency for 0.3 μm NaCl particles was 99.83%, the pressure drop was 54 Pa, and the quality factor (QF) was up to 0.118 Pa-1. CS and Cur synergistically enhanced the antibacterial performance; the bacteriostatic rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 99.5 and 98.9%, respectively. This work will largely promote the application of natural antibacterial agents in the development of high-efficiency, low-resistance air filters for personal protection by manufacturing ultrafine nanofibers with enhanced antibiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zungui Shao
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yujie Xiao
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guoyi Kang
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Wenwang Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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8
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Madruga LYC, Kipper MJ. Expanding the Repertoire of Electrospinning: New and Emerging Biopolymers, Techniques, and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101979. [PMID: 34788898 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning has emerged as a versatile and accessible technology for fabricating polymer fibers, particularly for biological applications. Natural polymers or biopolymers (including synthetically derivatized natural polymers) represent a promising alternative to synthetic polymers, as materials for electrospinning. Many biopolymers are obtained from abundant renewable sources, are biodegradable, and possess inherent biological functions. This review surveys recent literature reporting new fibers produced from emerging biopolymers, highlighting recent developments in the use of sulfated polymers (including carrageenans and glycosaminoglycans), tannin derivatives (condensed and hydrolyzed tannins, tannic acid), modified collagen, and extracellular matrix extracts. The proposed advantages of these biopolymer-based fibers, focusing on their biomedical applications, are also discussed to highlight the use of new and emerging biopolymers (or new modifications to well-established ones) to enhance or achieve new properties for electrospun fiber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liszt Y. C. Madruga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Matt J. Kipper
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
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9
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Kiliç E, Oliver-Ortega H, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Fullana-i-Palmer P, Puig R. Valorization Strategy for Leather Waste as Filler for High-Density Polyethylene Composites: Analysis of the Thermal Stability, Insulation Properties and Chromium Leaching. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193313. [PMID: 34641129 PMCID: PMC8512770 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leather waste (BF) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were compounded in a lab scale internal mixer and processed by means of injection molding. In this study, leather waste and HDPE composites were characterized by instrumental techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Physical integrity of composites against chemical exposure and chromium-leaching properties of the composites were also investigated. This study shows that the incorporation of 30% leather waste fiber into HDPE composites decreases the thermal conductivity of the composite samples by 17% in comparison to that of neat HDPE samples. Composites showed no thermal degradation during processing cycle. Strong interfacial bonding between leather waste and polymer results in comparable low-leachate levels to maximum allowed concentration for nonhazardous waste, and good chemical resistance properties. The BF/HDPE composites could be a promising low-cost alternative in industrial application areas of HDPE, where high-mechanical strength and low-thermal conductivity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kiliç
- Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department, Usak University, 64200 Usak, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-276-2212121
| | - Helena Oliver-Ortega
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Pere Fullana-i-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rita Puig
- ABBU Research Group, Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 08700 Igualada, Spain;
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10
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Yin J, Wood DJ, Russell SJ, Tronci G. Hierarchically Assembled Type I Collagen Fibres as Biomimetic Building Blocks of Biomedical Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:620. [PMID: 34436383 PMCID: PMC8400969 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wet spinning is an established fibre manufacturing route to realise collagen fibres with preserved triple helix architecture and cell acceptability for applications in biomedical membranes. However, resulting fibres still need to be chemically modified post-spinning to ensure material integrity in physiological media, with inherent risks of alteration of fibre morphology and with limited opportunities to induce fibrillogenesis following collagen fixation in the crosslinked state. To overcome this challenge, we hypothesised that a photoactive type I collagen precursor bearing either single or multiple monomers could be employed to accomplish hierarchically assembled fibres with improved processability, macroscopic properties and nanoscale organisation via sequential wet spinning and UV-curing. In-house-extracted type I rat tail collagen functionalised with both 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (4VBC) and methacrylate residues generated a full hydrogel network following solubilisation in a photoactive aqueous solution and UV exposure, whereby ~85 wt.% of material was retained following 75-day hydrolytic incubation. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of typical collagen patterns, whilst an averaged compression modulus and swelling ratio of more than 290 kPa and 1500 wt.% was recorded in the UV-cured hydrogel networks. Photoactive type I collagen precursors were subsequently wet spun into fibres, displaying the typical dichroic features of collagen and regular fibre morphology. Varying tensile modulus (E = 5 ± 1 - 11 ± 4 MPa) and swelling ratio (SR = 1880 ± 200 - 3350 ± 500 wt.%) were measured following post-spinning UV curing and equilibration with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Most importantly, 72-h incubation of the wet spun fibres in PBS successfully induced renaturation of collagen-like fibrils, which were fixed following UV-induced network formation. The whole process proved to be well tolerated by cells, as indicated by a spread-like cell morphology following a 48-h culture of L929 mouse fibroblasts on the extracts of UV-cured fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Clothworkers’ Centre for Textile Materials Innovation for Healthcare, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (J.Y.); (S.J.R.)
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Dentistry, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
| | - David J. Wood
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Dentistry, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Clothworkers’ Centre for Textile Materials Innovation for Healthcare, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (J.Y.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Tronci
- Clothworkers’ Centre for Textile Materials Innovation for Healthcare, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (J.Y.); (S.J.R.)
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Dentistry, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
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11
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Liu Y, Sun Q, Su Y, Zhang X, Chen F, Zhang Z, Yang G. Morphological evolution of
self‐assembled PS‐g‐PA6
graft copolymer via in situ polymerization. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou China
- Wenjing College Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Technology Research Center Luye Pharma Group Yantai China
| | - Yinhe Su
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou China
| | - Guisheng Yang
- Research and Development Center Shanghai Genius Advanced Materials Co., Ltd Shanghai China
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12
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Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Tissue Engineering and Cell Growth. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In biotechnology, the field of cell cultivation is highly relevant. Cultivated cells can be used, for example, for the development of biopharmaceuticals and in tissue engineering. Commonly, mammalian cells are grown in bioreactors, T-flasks, well plates, etc., without a specific substrate. Nanofibrous mats, however, have been reported to promote cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Here, we give an overview of the different attempts at cultivating mammalian cells on electrospun nanofiber mats for biotechnological and biomedical purposes. Starting with a brief overview of the different electrospinning methods, resulting in random or defined fiber orientations in the nanofiber mats, we describe the typical materials used in cell growth applications in biotechnology and tissue engineering. The influence of using different surface morphologies and polymers or polymer blends on the possible application of such nanofiber mats for tissue engineering and other biotechnological applications is discussed. Polymer blends, in particular, can often be used to reach the required combination of mechanical and biological properties, making such nanofiber mats highly suitable for tissue engineering and other biotechnological or biomedical cell growth applications.
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Wilk S, Benko A. Advances in Fabricating the Electrospun Biopolymer-Based Biomaterials. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:26. [PMID: 33923664 PMCID: PMC8167588 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers formed into a fibrous morphology through electrospinning are of increasing interest in the field of biomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability and their ability to be biomimetic to various fibrous structures present in animal tissues. However, their mechanical properties are often unsatisfactory and their processing may be troublesome. Thus, extensive research interest is focused on improving these qualities. This review article presents the selection of the recent advances in techniques aimed to improve the electrospinnability of various biopolymers (polysaccharides, polynucleotides, peptides, and phospholipids). The electrospinning of single materials, and the variety of co-polymers, with and without additives, is covered. Additionally, various crosslinking strategies are presented. Examples of cytocompatibility, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties are analyzed. Special attention is given to whey protein isolate as an example of a novel, promising, green material with good potential in the field of biomedicine. This review ends with a brief summary and outlook for the biomedical applicability of electrospinnable biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Benko
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicz 30 Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
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Reyes-Ramos AM, Álvarez-García YR, Solodin N, Almodovar J, Alarid ET, Torres-Garcia W, Domenech M. Collagen I Fibrous Substrates Modulate the Proliferation and Secretome of Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Tumor Cells in a Hormone-Restricted Microenvironment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2430-2443. [PMID: 33688723 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibril orientation of type I collagen has been shown to contribute to tumor invasion and metabolic changes. Yet, there is limited information about its impact on tumor cells' behavior in a restrictive growth environment. Restrictive growth environments are generated by the inhibition of a proliferation stimulus during therapy or as an inflammatory response to suppress tumor expansion. In this study, the impact of a type I collagen matrix orientation and fibrous architecture on cell proliferation and response to estrogen receptor (ER) therapy were examined using estrogen-dependent breast tumor cells (MCF-7 and T-47D) cultured in a hormone-restricted environment. The use of hormone-free culture media, as well as pharmacological inhibitors of ER, Tamoxifen, and Fulvestrant, were investigated as hormone restrictive conditions. Examination of cultures at 72 h showed that tumor cell proliferation was significantly stimulated (1.8-fold) in the absence of hormones on collagen fibrous substrates, but not on polycaprolactone fibrous substrates of equivalent orientation. ER inhibitors did not suppress cell proliferation on collagen fibrous substrates. The examination of reporter cells for ER signaling showed a lack of activity, thus confirming a shift toward an ER-independent proliferation mechanism. Examination of two selective inhibitors of α2β1 and α1β1 integrins showed that cell proliferation is suppressed in the presence of the α2β1 integrin inhibitor only, thereby indicating that the observed changes in tumor cell behavior are caused by a combination of integrin signaling and/or an intrinsic structural motif that is uniquely present in the collagen fibrils. Adjacent coculture studies on collagen substrates showed that tumor cells on collagen can stimulate the proliferation of cells on tissue culture plastic through soluble factors. The magnitude of this effect correlated with the increased surface anisotropy of the substrate. This sensing in fibril orientation was further supported by a differential expression pattern of secreted proteins that were identified on random and aligned orientation substrates. Overall, this study shows a new role for electrospun collagen I fibrous substrates by supporting a shift toward an ER-independent tumor cell proliferation mechanism in ER+ breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Reyes-Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Yasmín R Álvarez-García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Natalia Solodin
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jorge Almodovar
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Wandaliz Torres-Garcia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Maribella Domenech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
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Hamza AA, Sokkar TZN, El‐Bakary MA, Sewidan MA. Optomechanical investigating the impact of grafting polyamide‐6 fibers with
PMMA
on its intrinsic optical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Hamza
- Physics Department, Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Taha Z. N. Sokkar
- Physics Department, Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | | | - Muhamed A. Sewidan
- Physics Department, Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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16
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Electrospinning Live Cells Using Gelatin and Pullulan. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7010021. [PMID: 32098366 PMCID: PMC7148470 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a scaffold production method that utilizes electric force to draw a polymer solution into nanometer-sized fibers. By optimizing the polymer and electrospinning parameters, a scaffold is created with the desired thickness, alignment, and pore size. Traditionally, cells and biological constitutes are implanted into the matrix of the three-dimensional scaffold following electrospinning. Our design simultaneously introduces cells into the scaffold during the electrospinning process at 8 kV. In this study, we achieved 90% viability of adipose tissue-derived stem cells through electrospinning.
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Storck JL, Grothe T, Mamun A, Sabantina L, Klöcker M, Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A. Orientation of Electrospun Magnetic Nanofibers Near Conductive Areas. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E47. [PMID: 31861826 PMCID: PMC6982080 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning can be used to create nanofibers from diverse polymers in which also other materials can be embedded. Inclusion of magnetic nanoparticles, for example, results in preparation of magnetic nanofibers which are usually isotropically distributed on the substrate. One method to create a preferred direction is using a spinning cylinder as the substrate, which is not always possible, especially in commercial electrospinning machines. Here, another simple technique to partly align magnetic nanofibers is investigated. Since electrospinning works in a strong electric field and the fibers thus carry charges when landing on the substrate, using partly conductive substrates leads to a current flow through the conductive parts of the substrate which, according to Ampère's right-hand grip rule, creates a magnetic field around it. We observed that this magnetic field, on the other hand, can partly align magnetic nanofibers perpendicular to the borders of the current flow conductor. We report on the first observations of electrospinning magnetic nanofibers on partly conductive substrates with some of the conductive areas additionally being grounded, resulting in partly oriented magnetic nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lukas Storck
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Timo Grothe
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Al Mamun
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michaela Klöcker
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomasz Blachowicz
- Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics—CSE, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
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18
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Sena S, Sumeyra KN, Ulkugul G, Sema A, Betul K, Muge SB, Sayip EM, Muhammet U, Cevriye K, Mahir M, Titu MA, Ficai D, Ficai A, Gunduz O. Controlled Release of Metformin Hydrochloride from Core-Shell Nanofibers with Fish Sarcoplasmic Protein. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E682. [PMID: 31658758 PMCID: PMC6843546 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A coaxial electrospinning technique was used to produce core/shell nanofibers of a polylactic acid (PLA) as a shell and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) containing metformin hydrochloride (MH) as a core. Materials and Methods: Fish sarcoplasmic protein (FSP) was extracted from fresh bonito and incorporated into nanofiber at various concentrations to investigate the influence on properties of the coaxial nanofibers. The morphology, chemical structure and thermal properties of the nanofibers were studied. Results: The results show that uniform and bead-free structured nanofibers with diameters ranging from 621 nm to 681 nm were obtained. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that FSP had a reducing effect on the crystallinity of the nanofibers. Furthermore, the drug release profile of electrospun fibers was analyzed using the spectrophotometric method. Conclusions: The nanofibers showed prolonged and sustained release and the first order kinetic seems to be more suitable to describe the release. MTT assay suggests that the produced drug and protein loaded coaxial nanofibers are non-toxic and enhance cell attachment. Thus, these results demonstrate that the produced nanofibers had the potential to be used for diabetic wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Sena
- Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Korkmaz Nalan Sumeyra
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Guven Ulkugul
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Arslan Sema
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Karademir Betul
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sennaroglu Bostan Muge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eroglu Mehmet Sayip
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Uzun Muhammet
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kalkandelen Cevriye
- Department of Biomedical Devices Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mahirogullari Mahir
- Nanortopedi Industry and Trade Inc., Sanayi Mahallesi Teknopark Bulvari, Teknopark Istanbul, 34906 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mihail Aurel Titu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Faculty of Engineering, RO-550025 Sibiu, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, Sector 5, 50085 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Denisa Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Anton Ficai
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, Sector 5, 50085 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bazrafshan Z, Stylios GK. Spinnability of collagen as a biomimetic material: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:693-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bazrafshan Z, Stylios GK. One-Step Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Fibrous Collagen-Based Macrostructure with High Water Uptake Capability by Coaxial Electrospinning. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E803. [PMID: 30297671 PMCID: PMC6215112 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One step fabrication of the three dimension (3D) fibrous structure of Collagen-g-poly(MMA-co-EA)/Nylon6 was investigated by controlling the experimental conditions during coaxial electrospinning. This 3D fibrous structure is the result of interactions of two polymeric systems with a varied capability to be electrostatically polarized under the influence of the external electric field; the solution with the higher conductivity into the inner spinneret and the solution with the lesser conductivity into the outer capillary of the coaxial needle. This set-up was to obtain bimodal fiber fabrication in micro and nanoscale developing a spatial structure; the branches growing off a trunk. The resultant 3D collagen-based fibrous structure has two distinguished configurations: microfibers of 6.9 ± 2.2 µm diameter gap-filled with nanofibers of 216 ± 49 nm diameter. The 3D fibrous structure can be accumulated at an approximate height of 4 cm within 20 min. The mechanism of the 3D fibrous structure and the effect of experimental conditions, the associated hydration degree, water uptake and degradation rate were also investigated. This highly stable 3D fibrous structure has great potential end-uses benefitting from its large surface area and high water uptake which is caused by the high polarity and spatial orientation of collagen-based macrostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bazrafshan
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Research Institute for Flexible Materials, Heriot Watt University, Galashiels TD1 3HF, UK.
| | - George K Stylios
- Research Institute for Flexible Materials, Heriot Watt University, Galashiels TD1 3HF, UK.
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