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Mathematical modelling of cross-linked polyacrylic-based hydrogels: physical properties and drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:1928-1942. [PMID: 35152363 PMCID: PMC9242946 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogels have gained significant importance in different applications, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. They are 3D structures of hydrophilic polymers held together through physical or chemical crosslinking. Important is their ability to swell in presence of solvents, forming elastic gels able to maintain their original shape. Furthermore, these scaffolds slowly degrade in the physiological environment, leading the growing tissue to replace the former filled site. In this work, hydrogels have been synthetized using branched polyacrylic acid (carbomer) cross-linked with an aliphatic polyetherdiamine (elastamine). In particular, we focused on the description of their equilibrium conditions in swollen state and the dynamic simulation of the swelling process. These hydrogels exhibited a peculiar swelling behaviour characterized by an overshoot of the volume increase before reaching the equilibrium. Notably, such behaviour was found at different pH values. In this manuscript, the swelling behaviour was studied by mathematical modelling. Moreover, the ability of these devices to release drugs was also examined through a literature model to understand the different operating transport mechanisms.
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Fiorati A, Linciano C, Galante C, Raucci MG, Altomare L. Bioactive Hydrogels: Design and Characterization of Cellulose-Derived Injectable Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164511. [PMID: 34443033 PMCID: PMC8398032 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose represents a low cost, abundant, and renewable polysaccharide with great versatility; it has a hierarchical structure composed of nanofibers with high aspect ratio (3–4 nm wide, hundreds of μm long). TEMPO-mediated oxidation represents one of the most diffused methods to obtain cellulose nanofibers (CNFs): It is possible to obtain physically crosslinked hydrogels by means of divalent cation addition. The presence of inorganic components, such as calcium phosphates (CaP), can improve not only their mechanical properties but also the bioactivity of the gels. The aim of this work is to design and characterize a TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs) injectable hydrogel embedded with inorganic particles, CaP and CaP-GO, for bone tissue regeneration. Inorganic particles act as physical crosslinkers, as proven by rheological characterization, which reported an increase in mechanical properties. The average load value registered in injection tests was in the range of 1.5–4.4 N, far below 30 N, considered a reasonable injection force upper limit. Samples were stable for up to 28 days and both CaP and CaP-GO accelerate mineralization as suggested by SEM and XRD analysis. No cytotoxic effects were shown on SAOS-2 cells cultured with eluates. This work demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of TOCNFs-based dispersions could be enhanced and modulated through the addition of the inorganic phases, maintaining the injectability and bioactivity of the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fiorati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.L.); (C.G.); (L.A.)
- INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano Local Unit, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Linciano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.L.); (C.G.); (L.A.)
| | - Camilla Galante
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.L.); (C.G.); (L.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy, 54 Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.L.); (C.G.); (L.A.)
- INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano Local Unit, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Graphene-laden hydrogels: A strategy for thermally triggered drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111353. [PMID: 33254973 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of graphene-based materials has attracted considerable attention in drug delivery strategies. Indeed, the conductivity and mechanical stability of graphene have been investigated for controlled and tunable drug release via electric or mechanical stimuli. However, the design of a thermo-sensitive scaffold using pristine graphene (without distortions related to the oxidation processes) has not been deeply investigated yet, although it may represent a promising approach for several therapeutic treatments. Here, few-layer graphene was used as a nanofiller in a hydrogel system with a thermally tunable drug release profile. In particular, varying the temperature (25 °C, 37 °C and 44 °C), responsive drug releases were noticed and hypothesized depending on the formation and perturbation of π-π interactions involving graphene, the polymeric matrix and the model drug (diclofenac). As a result, these hybrid hydrogels show a potential application as thermally triggered drug release systems in several healthcare scenarios.
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Influence of the Core Formulation on Features and Drug Delivery Ability of Carbamate-Based Nanogels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186621. [PMID: 32927733 PMCID: PMC7555386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, nanogels have emerged as one of the most promising classes of novel drug delivery vehicles since they can be employed in multiple fields, such as various therapeutics or diagnostics, and with different classes of compounds and active molecules. Their features, such as a high volume to surface ratio, excellent drug loading and release ability, as well as biocompatibility and tunable behavior, are unique, and, nowadays, great efforts are made to develop new formulations that can be employed in a wider range of applications. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polyethylenimine (PEI) nanogels probably represent the baseline of this class of biomaterials and they are still largely employed and studied. In any way, the possibility to exploit new core formulations for nanogels is certainly very interesting in order to understand the influence of different polymer chains on the final properties of the system. In this research, we explore and make a comparison between PEG-PEI nanogels and two other different formulations: pluronic F127-PEI nanogels and PEG-Jeffamine nanogels. We propose nanogels synthesis methods, their chemical and physical characterization, as well as their stability analysis, and we focus on the different drug delivery ability that these structures exhibit working with different typologies of drug mimetics.
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Rossetti A, Pizzetti F, Rossi F, Mauri E, Borghi E, Ottaviano E, Sacchetti A. Synthesis and characterization of carbomer-based hydrogels for drug delivery applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1760275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rossetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Mauri
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Fiorati A, Contessi Negrini N, Baschenis E, Altomare L, Faré S, Giacometti Schieroni A, Piovani D, Mendichi R, Ferro M, Castiglione F, Mele A, Punta C, Melone L. TEMPO-Nanocellulose/Ca 2+ Hydrogels: Ibuprofen Drug Diffusion and In Vitro Cytocompatibility. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E183. [PMID: 31906423 PMCID: PMC6981511 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable hydrogels with tunable rheological properties were prepared by adding Ca2+ ions to aqueous dispersions of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized and ultra-sonicated cellulose nanofibers (TOUS-CNFs). The gelation occurred by interaction among polyvalent cations and the carboxylic units introduced on TOUS-CNFs during the oxidation process. Both dynamic viscosity values and pseudoplastic rheological behaviour increased by increasing the Ca2+ concentration, confirming the cross-linking action of the bivalent cation. The hydrogels were proved to be suitable controlled release systems by measuring the diffusion coefficient of a drug model (ibuprofen, IB) by high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. IB was used both as free molecule and as a 1:1 pre-formed complex with β-cyclodextrin (IB/β-CD), showing in this latter case a lower diffusion coefficient. Finally, the cytocompatibility of the TOUS-CNFs/Ca2+ hydrogels was demonstrated in vitro by indirect and direct tests conducted on a L929 murine fibroblast cell line, achieving a percentage number of viable cells after 7 days higher than 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fiorati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Baschenis
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Faré
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Giacometti Schieroni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.S.); (D.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.S.); (D.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.S.); (D.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Monica Ferro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.S.); (D.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucio Melone
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (N.C.N.); (E.B.); (L.A.); (S.F.); (M.F.); (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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