1
|
Das JM, Upadhyay J, Monaghan MG, Borah R. Impact of the Reduction Time-Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Coated Aligned Bombyx mori Silk Scaffolds on Electrically Stimulated Axonal Growth. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2389-2401. [PMID: 38502100 PMCID: PMC11022174 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials, renowned for their outstanding electrical conductivity, have been extensively studied as electroconductive biomaterials (ECBs) for electrically stimulated tissue regeneration. However, using eco-friendly reducing agents like l-ascorbic acid (l-Aa) can result in lower conductive properties in these ECBs, limiting their full potential for smooth charge transfer in living tissues. Moreover, creating a flexible biomaterial scaffold using these materials that accurately mimics a specific tissue microarchitecture, such as nerves, poses additional challenges. To address these issues, this study developed a microfibrous scaffold of Bombyx mori (Bm) silk fibroin uniformly coated with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) through a vacuum coating method. The scaffold's electrical conductivity was optimized by varying the reduction period using l-Aa. The research systematically investigated how different reduction periods impact scaffold properties, focusing on electrical conductivity and its significance on electrically stimulated axonal growth in PC12 cells. Results showed that a 48 h reduction significantly increased surface electrical conductivity by 100-1000 times compared to a shorter or no reduction process. l-Aa contributed to stabilizing the reduced GNPs, demonstrated by a slow degradation profile and sustained conductivity even after 60 days in a proteolytic environment. β (III) tubulin immunostaining of PC12 cells on varied silk:GNP scaffolds under pulsed electrical stimulation (ES, 50 Hz frequency, 1 ms pulse width, and amplitudes of 100 and 300 mV/cm) demonstrates accelerated axonal growth on scaffolds exhibiting higher conductivity. This is supported by upregulated intracellular Ca2+ dynamics immediately after ES on the scaffolds with higher conductivity, subjected to a prolonged reduction period. The study showcases a sustainable reduction approach using l-Aa in combination with natural Bm silk fibroin to create a highly conductive, mechanically robust, and stable silk:GNP-based aligned fibrous scaffold. These scaffolds hold promise for functional regeneration in electrically excitable tissues such as nerves, cardiac tissue, and muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitu Mani Das
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science & Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Jnanendra Upadhyay
- Department
of Physics, Dakshin Kamrup College, Kamrup, Mirza, Assam 781125, India
| | - Michael G. Monaghan
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
- Advanced
Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Centre at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin D2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
- CÚRAM,
Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Rajiv Borah
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science & Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
- Advanced
Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Centre at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin D2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jafari A, Behjat E, Malektaj H, Mobini F. Alignment behavior of nerve, vascular, muscle, and intestine cells in two- and three-dimensional strategies. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1620. [PMID: 37392045 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
By harnessing structural hierarchical insights, plausibly simulate better ones imagination to figure out the best choice of methods for reaching out the unprecedented developments of the tissue engineering products as a next level. Constructing a functional tissue that incorporates two-dimensional (2D) or higher dimensions requires overcoming technological or biological limitations in order to orchestrate the structural compilation of one-dimensional and 2D sheets (microstructures) simultaneously (in situ). This approach enables the creation of a layered structure that can be referred to as an ensemble of layers or, after several days of maturation, a direct or indirect joining of layers. Here, we have avoided providing a detailed methodological description of three-dimensional and 2D strategies, except for a few interesting examples that highlight the higher alignment of cells and emphasize rarely remembered facts associated with vascular, peripheral nerve, muscle, and intestine tissues. The effective directionality of cells in conjunction with geometric cues (in the range of micrometers) is well known to affect a variety of cell behaviors. The curvature of a cell's environment is one of the factors that influence the formation of patterns within tissues. The text will cover cell types containing some level of stemness, which will be followed by their consequences for tissue formation. Other important considerations pertain to cytoskeleton traction forces, cell organelle positioning, and cell migration. An overview of cell alignment along with several pivotal molecular and cellular level concepts, such as mechanotransduction, chirality, and curvature of structure effects on cell alignments will be presented. The mechanotransduction term will be used here in the context of the sensing capability that cells show as a result of force-induced changes either at the conformational or the organizational levels, a capability that allows us to modify cell fate by triggering downstream signaling pathways. A discussion of the cells' cytoskeleton and of the stress fibers involvement in altering the cell's circumferential constitution behavior (alignment) based on exposed scaffold radius will be provided. Curvatures with size similarities in the range of cell sizes cause the cell's behavior to act as if it was in an in vivo tissue environment. The revision of the literature, patents, and clinical trials performed for the present study shows that there is a clear need for translational research through the implementation of clinical trial platforms that address the tissue engineering possibilities raised in the current revision. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Neurological Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Cardiovascular Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jafari
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erfan Behjat
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Malektaj
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Faezeh Mobini
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Habibzadeh F, Sadraei SM, Mansoori R, Singh Chauhan NP, Sargazi G. Nanomaterials supported by polymers for tissue engineering applications: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12193. [PMID: 36578390 PMCID: PMC9791886 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the biomedical sciences, particularly in wound healing, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine, the development of natural-based biomaterials as a carrier has revealed a wide range of advantages. Tissue engineering is one of the therapeutic approaches used to replace damaged tissue. Polymers have received a lot of attention for their beneficial interactions with cells, but they have some drawbacks, such as poor mechanical properties. Due to their relatively large surface area, nanoparticles can cause significant changes in polymers and improve their mechanical properties. The nanoparticles incorporated into biomaterial scaffolds have been associated with positive effects on cell adhesion, viability, proliferation, and migration in the majority of studies. This review paper discusses recent applications of polymer-nanoparticle composites in the development of tissue engineering scaffolds, as well as the effects of these nanomaterials in the fields of cardiovascular, neural, bone, and skin tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Habibzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Sadraei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Mansoori
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bhupal Nobles' University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India,Corresponding author.
| | - Ghasem Sargazi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jin Y, Zhou J, Zhao X, Zhang X, Su Z. When 2D nanomaterials meet biomolecules: design strategies and hybrid nanostructures for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9040-9053. [PMID: 36317564 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01489k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2D nanomaterials show great potential in biomedical applications due to their unique physical and chemical surface properties. This review includes typical 2D nanomaterials used in bone tissue engineering (BTE), such as graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, black phosphorus, and MXenes. Moreover, the construction methods of BTE materials with 2D nanosheets are analyzed. Before designing a BTE material, it is essential to understand the relationship between the material structure and properties. Notably, 2D nanomaterials can be hybridized with biomaterials, such as polypeptides, proteins, and polysaccharides, to improve biocompatibility and host responses. The effects of the surface properties and size of 2D nanomaterials on cellular behavior, gene expression, antibacterial properties, and cytotoxicity in BTE applications are also discussed. This work provides new design ideas and directions for constructing 2D nanomaterial-based BTE scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yadav S, Singh Raman AP, Meena H, Goswami AG, Bhawna, Kumar V, Jain P, Kumar G, Sagar M, Rana DK, Bahadur I, Singh P. An Update on Graphene Oxide: Applications and Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35387-35445. [PMID: 36249372 PMCID: PMC9558614 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted much attention in the past few years because of its interesting and promising electrical, thermal, mechanical, and structural properties. These properties can be altered, as GO can be readily functionalized. Brodie synthesized the GO in 1859 by reacting graphite with KClO3 in the presence of fuming HNO3; the reaction took 3-4 days to complete at 333 K. Since then, various schemes have been developed to reduce the reaction time, increase the yield, and minimize the release of toxic byproducts (NO2 and N2O4). The modified Hummers method has been widely accepted to produce GO in bulk. Due to its versatile characteristics, GO has a wide range of applications in different fields like tissue engineering, photocatalysis, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Its porous structure is considered appropriate for tissue and organ regeneration. Various branches of tissue engineering are being extensively explored, such as bone, neural, dentistry, cartilage, and skin tissue engineering. The band gap of GO can be easily tuned, and therefore it has a wide range of photocatalytic applications as well: the degradation of organic contaminants, hydrogen generation, and CO2 reduction, etc. GO could be a potential nanocarrier in drug delivery systems, gene delivery, biological sensing, and antibacterial nanocomposites due to its large surface area and high density, as it is highly functionalized with oxygen-containing functional groups. GO or its composites are found to be toxic to various biological species and as also discussed in this review. It has been observed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels gradually increase over a period after GO is introduced in the biological systems. Hence, GO at specific concentrations is toxic for various species like earthworms, Chironomus riparius, Zebrafish, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Harshvardhan Meena
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Giri Goswami
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bhawna
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Special
Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Special
Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, NCR Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Swami Shraddhanand
College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Sagar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Rana
- Department
of Physics, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Indra Bahadur
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gold nanorods decorated polycaprolactone/cellulose acetate hybrid scaffold for PC12 cells proliferation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:511-520. [PMID: 35240215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic and natural polymers have recently received considerable attention due to the exclusive potential for supporting the regenerative cellular processes in peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs). Gold nanorods (GNRs) decorated polycaprolactone (PCL)/cellulose acetate (CA) nanocomposite (PCL/CA/GNR) were fabricated via electrospinning to improve PC12 cells attachment and growth or scaffold cues. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) corroborated the GNR distribution (23 ± 2 nm length and 3/1 Aspect ratio) and suitable average dimension of 800 nm for the fibers; also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) represented block-free and smooth fibers without perturbation. Because of gold nanorods incorporation, electrical conductivity of PCL/CA/GNR increased ~21%. Water contact angle data emphasized PCL/CA/GNR surface is more wettable that PCL/CA (<90° at 62 s). Real-time PCR technique (RT-PCR) demonstrated overexpression of β-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) on PCL/CA/GNR compared to PCL/CA composite. Additionally, evaluated of the maturation and neurogenic differentiation of PC12 cells emphasized overexpression of nestin and β-tubulin by Immunocytochemistry staining onto PCL/CA/GNR in comparison to PCL/CA composite. Notably, these recently developed hybrid scaffolds could be considered for peripheral nerve injury (PNI) regeneration.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, Wang J, Zheng Z, Yan J, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang J, Li G, Wang X, Kaplan D. Porous nerve guidance conduits reinforced with braided composite structures of silk/magnesium filaments for peripheral nerve repair. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:116-130. [PMID: 34289421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve repair is a common but challenging surgical treatment. Many artificial nerve grafts have been developed, including nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with biocompatibility, suitable mechanical properties and topography to guide axon growth. However, there remains a need to promote nerve regeneration and accelerate functional recovery using NGCs for nerve reconstruction. Here, silk fibroin (SF) and magnesium (S/Mg) filaments were braided into an inner layer of NGC and freeze-dried with a solution of SF and chitosan (CS). The mechanical stress of these S/Mg-SF/CS conduits reached 2.8 ± 0.2 N and possessed high compression strength. The conduits were evaluated with subcutaneous implantation. Sustainable mechanical function was demonstrated when used to repair 10 mm sciatic nerve gaps in rats. The hollow NGCs improved neurochemotaxis from the damaged nerves. The wet weight ratio of the gastrocnemius muscle, a target muscle for the sciatic nerve related to motor and sensory functions in the NGC group, reached 83.5% of that in the autologous group in 8 weeks; the nerve ports at both ends of the NGC grew well. When the distal end of the regenerated nerve was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), there was no significance difference in the diameter and thickness of the myelin sheath of the distal nerve between the autograft and S/Mg-SF/CS group, indicating that S/Mg-SF/CS NGC in this study promoted the growth of damaged nerves and provided appropriate physio mechanical guidance, thus suggesting potential utility for this approach in artificial nerve transplantation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. Porous nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) is reinforced by a braided composite structure consisting of silk/magnesium filaments, which provides the NGC with appropriate physio-mechanical guidance as well as sufficient stability to support the biological micro-environment during early-stages of nerve regeneration and functional recovery. 2. Sufficient mechanical properties, biocompatibility with Schwan cells and good performance after sciatic nerve transplantation demonstrates that the S/Mg-SF/CS NGC in this study promotes the growth of damaged nerves and provides a suitable physio-mechanical guide for potential in artificial nerve transplantation. 3. A facile scalable manufacturing process is achieved by utilizing multidisciplinary engineering, such as textile technologies, biomaterial engineering and medical science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory animal center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhaozhu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jia Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - David Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby Street, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Farshchi F, Saadati A, Hasanzadeh M, Seidi F. Architecture of a multi-channel and easy-to-make microfluidic paper-based colorimetric device (μPCD) towards selective and sensitive recognition of uric acid by AuNPs: an innovative portable tool for the rapid and low-cost identification of clinically relevant biomolecules. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27298-27308. [PMID: 35480692 PMCID: PMC9037795 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04764g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism. Uric acid is usually excreted in the urine, but its abnormal increase and toxic amount can lead to diseases such as gout, hyperuricemia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, UA reduction can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as sarcoma, glioblastoma, Hodgkin, and etc. Therefore, rapid identification of UA is of great importance. In this work, a simple, portable, inexpensive, and fast microfluidic paper-based colorimetric sensor based on the color change in the presence of UA by using AuNPs was developed. The results can be easily identified with naked eye and further confirmed by UV-vis spectrophotometry. In this method, iron pattern and fiberglass paper were used to construct diagnostic areas and hydrophilic microfluidic channels. We greatly reduced the preparation time of this pattern using a magnet (about three minutes). In this work, four types of nanoparticles with different lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were used. Linear range of 10-6 to 10-3 M and LLOQ of 10-6 M were obtained for the determination of uric acid using AuNPs-CysA as optical probe. Also, by AuNPs as optical probe a linear range of 10-4 to 10-2 M and the obtained LLOQ was 10-4 M. Finally, by AuNFs as optical probe linear range from 10-6 to 10-2 M and 5 × 10-5 to 10-2 M along with LLOQ of 10-6 and 5 × 10-5 M, respectively. The designed system successfully studied in human urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farshchi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Arezoo Saadati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| |
Collapse
|