Dual-purpose surface functionalization of Ti-6Al-7Nb involving oxygen plasma treatment and Si-DLC or chitosan-based coatings

Recent development and applications of electrodeposition biocoatings on medical titanium for bone repair

Bioactive coatings play a crucial role in enhancing the osseointegration of titanium implants for bone repair. Electrodeposition offers a versatile and efficient technique to deposit uniform coatings onto titanium surfaces, endowing implants with antibacterial properties, controlled drug release, enhanced osteoblast adhesion, and even smart responsiveness. This review summarizes the recent advancements in bioactive coatings for titanium implants used in bone repair, focusing on various electrodeposition strategies based on material-structure synergy. Firstly, it outlines different titanium implant materials and bioactive coating materials suitable for bone repair. Then, it introduces various electrodeposition methods, including electrophoretic deposition, anodization, micro-arc oxidation, electrochemical etching, electrochemical polymerization, and electrochemical deposition, discussing their applications in antibacterial, osteogenic, drug delivery, and smart responsiveness. Finally, it discusses the challenges encountered in the electrodeposition of coatings for titanium implants in bone repair and potential solutions.

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Antibacterial Coatings on Titanium Alloy Implants for Veterinary Application

The aim of this work was the evaluation of biological properties of hybrid coatings modified with Ag, Cu, and Zn nanoparticles (NPs) applied on TPLO medical implants by the sol-gel process. The implant coatings enriched with various concentrations of metallic NPs were investigated in the in vitro bactericidal efficacy tests against Gram+ and Gram- bacteria and pathogenic yeast. Next, the designed materials were tested on human osteosarcoma cell lines. The cells adhesion, proliferation, viability, and differentiation were investigated. The cell growth wasevaluated using SEM, and the metallic ion release was measured. The results revealed that the NPs concentration in the hybrid layers decreased with the incubation time. In the last stage, the implants were tested in vivo on six canine patients. Three months after the operation, the radiological evaluation of the performed anastomosis was carried out as well as the histopathological evaluation of tissue regeneration. The strongest bactericidal efficacy was observed for the layers containing AgNPs. Along with an increased concentration of metallic additives, a growing toxic effect was clearly observed. The most pronounced toxic effect was especially evident with the AgNPs concentration exceeding 1 mol %. In all the operated patients, no deviations were found during the follow-up examinations in the postoperative period. The low dose of AgNPs in the hybrid layer facilitated the tissue healing process. It was proven that silver nanoparticles may accelerate the bone healing process. The correct tissue reparation was observed.

Analytical review on the biocompatibility of surface-treated Ti-alloys for joint replacement applications

INTRODUCTION

With the advancement of joint replacements such as total hip replacement (THR), Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used as implant materials. The bearing surface of Ti improves the longevity of implants. In this perception, researchers design a Ti-alloy that increases the wear and corrosion resistance to enhance osteogenesis and mechanical stability.

AREAS COVERED

: This paper is dedicated to finding the major causes of the failure of THR. Further, this paper provides an overview of the application of metallic alloys and their influencing factors that influence biocompatibility. The most contributing part of this paper focuses on the post-treatment impact on Ti-alloys biocompatibility.

EXPERT OPINION

This paper revealed and discussed that Ti alloys' biocompatibility for orthopedic applications mainly depends on antibacterial activities that decide tissue-implant compatibility. Therefore, performing surface treatment enhances the biocompatibility of Ti alloys. It was also observed that more water contact angle (WCA) induces bacterial growth and enhances cell adhesion. In contrast, the treated surface increases the antibacterial activities at lower WCA. Surface heat treatment with sintering or micro-arc oxidation achieves suitable antibacterial or antimicrobial activities.

Electrostatic self-assembly approach in the deposition of bio-functional chitosan-based layers enriched with caffeic acid on Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys by alternate immersion

Tailoring surface properties by layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition directed on the construction of complex multilayer coatings with nanoscale precision enables the development of novel structures and devices with desired functional properties (i.e., osseointegration, bactericidal activity, biocorrosion protection). Herein, electrostatic self-assembly was applied to fabricate biopolymer-based coatings involving chitosan (CSM) and alginate (AL) enriched with caffeic acid (CA) on Ti-6Al-7Nb alloyed surfaces. The method of CA grafting onto the chitosan backbone (CA-g-CSM) as well as all used reagents for implant functionalization were chosen as green and sustainable approach. The final procedure of surface modification of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy consists of three steps: (i) chemical treatment in Piranha solution, (ii) plasma chemical-activation of the Ti alloy surface in a RF CVD (Radio Frequency Chemical Vapour Deposition) reactor using Ar, O₂ and NH₃ gaseous precursors, and (iii) a multi-step deposition of bio-functional coatings via dip-coating method. Corrosion tests have revealed that the resulting chitosan-based coatings, also these involving CA, block the specimen surface and hinder corrosion of titanium alloy. Furthermore, the antioxidant layers are characterized by beneficial level of roughness (R_a up ca. 350 nm) and moderate hydrophilicity (59°) with the dispersion part of conducive surface energy ca. 30 mJ/m². Noteworthy, all coatings are biocompatible as the intact morphology of cultured eukaryotic cells ensured proper growth and proliferation, while exhibit bacteriostatic character, particularly in contact with Gram-(-) bacteria (E. coli). The study indicates that the applied simple sustainable strategy has contributed significantly to obtaining homogeneous, stable, and biocompatible while antibacterial biopolymer-based coatings.