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Kocjančič B, Avsec K, Šetina Batič B, Feizpour D, Godec M, Kralj-Iglič V, Podlipec R, Cör A, Debeljak M, Grant JT, Jenko M, Dolinar D. The Impact of Al 2O 3 Particles from Grit-Blasted Ti6Al7Nb (Alloy) Implant Surfaces on Biocompatibility, Aseptic Loosening, and Infection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6867. [PMID: 37959464 PMCID: PMC10648623 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
For the improvement of surface roughness, titanium joint arthroplasty (TJA) components are grit-blasted with Al2O3 (corundum) particles during manufacturing. There is an acute concern, particularly with uncemented implants, about polymeric, metallic, and corundum debris generation and accumulation in TJA, and its association with osteolysis and implant loosening. The surface morphology, chemistry, phase analysis, and surface chemistry of retrieved and new Al2O3 grit-blasted titanium alloy were determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and confocal laser fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Peri-prosthetic soft tissue was studied with histopathology. Blasted retrieved and new stems were exposed to human mesenchymal stromal stem cells (BMSCs) for 7 days to test biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. We found metallic particles in the peri-prosthetic soft tissue. Ti6Al7Nb with the residual Al2O3 particles exhibited a low cytotoxic effect while polished titanium and ceramic disks exhibited no cytotoxic effect. None of the tested materials caused cell death or even a zone of inhibition. Our results indicate a possible biological effect of the blasting debris; however, we found no significant toxicity with these materials. Further studies on the optimal size and properties of the blasting particles are indicated for minimizing their adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Kocjančič
- Department for Orthopaedic Surgery, UMC Ljubljana, Zaloška 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.K.); (K.A.); (D.D.)
- Chair of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Avsec
- Department for Orthopaedic Surgery, UMC Ljubljana, Zaloška 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.K.); (K.A.); (D.D.)
- Chair of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Šetina Batič
- Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.Š.B.); (D.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Darja Feizpour
- Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.Š.B.); (D.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Matjaž Godec
- Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.Š.B.); (D.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Rok Podlipec
- Laboratory for Biophysics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Ion Beam Center, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Cör
- Orthopaedic Hospital Valdoltra, Jadranska cesta 31, 6280 Ankaran, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Debeljak
- University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia Soča, Linhartova 51, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - John T. Grant
- Research Institute, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Monika Jenko
- Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.Š.B.); (D.F.); (M.G.)
- MD-RI Institute for Materials Research in Medicine, Bohoričeva 5a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Drago Dolinar
- Department for Orthopaedic Surgery, UMC Ljubljana, Zaloška 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.K.); (K.A.); (D.D.)
- Chair of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- MD-RI Institute for Materials Research in Medicine, Bohoričeva 5a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Jiang P, Zhang Y, Hu R, Shi B, Zhang L, Huang Q, Yang Y, Tang P, Lin C. Advanced surface engineering of titanium materials for biomedical applications: From static modification to dynamic responsive regulation. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:15-57. [PMID: 37035422 PMCID: PMC10074421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implants, because of their favorable mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Despite their significant success in various clinical applications, the probability of failure, degradation and revision is undesirably high, especially for the patients with low bone density, insufficient quantity of bone or osteoporosis, which renders the studies on surface modification of Ti still active to further improve clinical results. It is discerned that surface physicochemical properties directly influence and even control the dynamic interaction that subsequently determines the success or rejection of orthopedic implants. Therefore, it is crucial to endow bulk materials with specific surface properties of high bioactivity that can be performed by surface modification to realize the osseointegration. This article first reviews surface characteristics of Ti materials and various conventional surface modification techniques involving mechanical, physical and chemical treatments based on the formation mechanism of the modified coatings. Such conventional methods are able to improve bioactivity of Ti implants, but the surfaces with static state cannot respond to the dynamic biological cascades from the living cells and tissues. Hence, beyond traditional static design, dynamic responsive avenues are then emerging. The dynamic stimuli sources for surface functionalization can originate from environmental triggers or physiological triggers. In short, this review surveys recent developments in the surface engineering of Ti materials, with a specific emphasis on advances in static to dynamic functionality, which provides perspectives for improving bioactivity and biocompatibility of Ti implants.
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Magnetic Properties and Biocompatibility of Different Thickness (Pd/Fe) n Coatings Deposited on Pure Ti Surface via Multi Arc Ion Plating. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051831. [PMID: 35269062 PMCID: PMC8911732 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The different thickness (Fe/Pd)n coatings were prepared by vacuum ion plating technology on a pure Ti substrate. The (Fe/Pd)n coatings were magnetized using an MC-4000 high-pressure magnetizing machine. Then, the effect of the (Fe/Pd)n coating thickness on the magnetic properties was studied. The surface and section morphology, composition, phase structure, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility of the (Fe/Pd)n coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and CCTC-1 digital flux field measurement. The results showed that the (Fe/Pd)n coatings were granular, smooth, and compact, without cracks. In addition the (Fe/Pd)n coatings formed an L10 phase with a magnetic face-centered tetragonal-ordered structure after heat treatment. With the increase in the thickness of (FePd)n coatings, the content of L10 FePd phase increased and the remanence increased. The remanence values of the Fe/Pd, (Fe/Pd)5, (Fe/Pd)10, and (Fe/Pd)15 magnetic coatings were 0.83 Gs, 5.52 Gs, 7.14 Gs, and 7.94 Gs, respectively. Additionally, the (Fe/Pd)n magnetic coatings showed good blood compatibility and histocompatibility.
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Innovative Surface Modification Procedures to Achieve Micro/Nano-Graded Ti-Based Biomedical Alloys and Implants. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing aging population of the world, and as a result of the increasing need for dental implants and prostheses, the use of titanium and its alloys as implant materials has spread rapidly. Although titanium and its alloys are considered the best metallic materials for biomedical applications, the need for innovative technologies is necessary due to the sensitivity of medical applications and to eliminate any potentially harmful reactions, enhancing the implant-to-bone integration and preventing infection. In this regard, the implant’s surface as the substrate for any reaction is of crucial importance, and it is accurately addressed in this review paper. For constructing this review paper, an internet search was performed on the web of science with these keywords: surface modification techniques, titanium implant, biomedical applications, surface functionalization, etc. Numerous recent papers about titanium and its alloys were selected and reviewed, except for the section on forthcoming modern implants, in which extended research was performed. This review paper aimed to briefly introduce the necessary surface characteristics for biomedical applications and the numerous surface treatment techniques. Specific emphasis was given to micro/nano-structured topographies, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bactericidal effects. Additionally, gradient, multi-scale, and hierarchical surfaces with multifunctional properties were discussed. Finally, special attention was paid to modern implants and forthcoming surface modification strategies such as four-dimensional printing, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. This review paper, including traditional and novel surface modification strategies, will pave the way toward designing the next generation of more efficient implants.
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